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WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 



BY 
J.'LOVELL MURRAY 

Author of The Call of a 
World Task 



NEW YORK 

MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 

OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 



^ 






COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY 

MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT OF THE 

UNITED STATES AND CANADA 



OCT -I 1921 



§)CI.A624595 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

" Personally Conducted " 1 

I The World's Health 11 

II In Factory and Field 39 

III Gateways to the Mind 65 

IV The Romance of the Printed Page ... 90 

V Planters Extraordinary 113 

VI Servants of Society ....... 135 

VII Welding the World 164 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



FACING 
PAGE 



The Waterfront, Canton, China . . Frontispiece S 

The Dispensary at Batang 18 

Dr. Albert Shelton 18 

Native Trained Nurses of Africa 34 

Native and Scientific Farming in India .... 58 

A Kindergarten in Japan 74 

American Press at Beirut, Syria 90 

Evangelistic Meeting in India 122 

Higher Education in India 154 



" PERSONALLY CONDUCTED " 

ET us suppose that we have just arrived in Canton. 
We have come up by steamer from Hongkong and 
are met by a missionary friend who almost wrings our 
hands off in the joy of seeing some " folks from back 
home." We answer five hundred questions in five min- 
utes and then tell him that our visit is short and we want 
to get a quick view of missionary work in the city. 

" I'm your man," he says. " How would you like to 
be transported ? " 

" What kinds have you ? " we ask. 

" Rickshaw, sedan chair, horse cab, and motor," he 
replies. We finally decide to go in a Ford which he says 
he can borrow, and in an hour's time he calls for us at 
our hotel. We speak of the swarms upon swarms of 
people and ask where they have come from. 

" They all belong here," he says. " Haven't you heard 
the story of the tourist who had never believed there 
were four hundred million people in China until he got 
to Canton and then he saw them all waiting for him on 
the Bund?" 

" What do you call those ridiculous little boats that we 
saw all about the harbor as we came in ? " we ask. 

" Those are called sampans. Would you believe that 
two hundred thousand of our city's population live all the 
year round on those little boats? It's a fact. Now we'd 
better be off." 

We pile into the Ford and start along the Bund. Our 
guide points to an imposing building. " That is a hos- 
pital," he says, " the first in China. Founded eighty-five 

i 



r PERSONALLY CONDUCTED " 



years ago by the famous Dr. Peter Parker. It is a great 
institution in the city, and the Chinese contribute gen- 
erously to it. It is controlled now by a local board, 
though all the foreign doctors and nurses are supplied by 
the missionary societies. The place is always crowded 
to the roof with patients. See those people with sore 
eyes going in? The city is full of them. 

" Just over there is a school for blind boys and girls. 
It was founded many years ago by Dr. Mary Niles and 
is the only one in the city. They teach the youngsters 
trades as well as treat diseased eyes. And while we're 
on the subject of philanthropy, let me tell you that we 
have in Canton the only hospital for the insane in all 
China. It was begun by Dr. John G. Kerr and since his 
death has been carried on by Mrs. Kerr and Dr. Charles 
Selden. There are about five hundred patients there 
under the care of the missionary doctors and their 
Chinese assistants. 

" Notice those buildings on the other side of the hos- 
pital? That is True Light Seminary, one of the first 
schools for girls in China. Of course you have heard of 
its founder, Miss Harriet Noyes. Those are the old 
buildings where work for primary scholars and women is 
conducted. Its other work has been transferred to new 
and larger quarters called True Light Middle School." 

The Ford rattles on, and so does our guide. " Now 
I want to show you an interesting place," he says, " the 
building we are just passing. We could not get along 
without that building. ,, 

" But," we ask, " is a bookstore so important as all 
that?" 

" The bookstore," says the guide, " is only a part of it. 
It is important in itself — run by the China Baptist Pub- 



« PERSONALLY CONDUCTED ! 



lication Society. But there's a lot more to this place. It 
is known as the " Missions Building " and is the head- 
quarters for most of the missions in the city. The top 
floors house the Young Women's Christian Association. 
The demand for the Association came from the girls and 
women of Canton themselves. The membership is large 
and there is a lot of action going on up in those rooms. 
On the governing board there are a good many Chinese 
women who have studied in the West, and they are keep- 
ing us up to the minute in the social and religious work 
the Association is developing." 

" What is that large building of the California mission 
variety, down the Bund from the hospital?" we inquire. 

" That," he replies, " is the Young Men's Christian 
Association building. It is a memorial to Robert Mor- 
rison, the first Protestant missionary to China. The 
funds for it were raised in 1907, the centenary of Mor- 
rison's arrival in the Far East. They have everything 
that goes w T ith an up-to-date " Y," — gymnasium, pool, 
library, game rooms, dormitories, and all the rest of it, 
and the largest auditorium in the city. Their main idea 
is to help the Chinese, but they carry on work for for- 
eigners also. They have day and night-schools, athletic 
meets, and all the other activities that you find in the 
Canadian and American Associations, although they spe- 
cialize, of course, on religious work." 

" Where do we go from here ? " we ask. 

" I think we'll strike along northwest into the city. I 
want to show you a number of churches and chapels. 
That large one near the hospital was a Presbyterian 
church, started of course by missionaries, but it is now 
an independent Chinese church. These streets here are 



" PERSONALLY CONDUCTED ' 



too narrow for a motor car, so we'll have to walk or take 
sedan chairs/' 

We elect to walk. And he points out as we go along 
several other churches and chapels and explains the 
work that goes on in them and that reaches out from 
them into the city and far beyond. 

Farther along we are shown another building. 
" There," we are informed, " is the Hackett Medical Col- 
lege for Women, the first women's medical school to be 
established in China and one of the finest of its kind to 
be found in all Asia. It owes its origin to Dr. Mary 
Fulton. 

" Now I want you to take in that other building along 
the street. That is the Union Normal School. It is a 
well-run coeducational school in which most of the mis- 
sions in Canton cooperate. It trains teachers especially 
for the kindergarten and elementary grades. 

" We shall have to board a sampan now, for I want 
to take you over to Fati, which I should explain is an 
island. You see, the various forks of the river have 
formed large islands which are included in the city of 
Canton, and on them are to be found some of the best 
developed pieces of missionary work we have." 

Passing across Shameen, the foreign concession, we 
are introduced to a sampan and go across to Fati. There 
w r e are shown a large boys' school, formerly Presby- 
terian, but now a union institution. Downstream we see 
the fine new buildings of True Light Seminary. This 
too we learn has graduated from a Presbyterian school 
into a union institution. 

" Now look at that building," we are told. " That is 
the Union Theological School. Doesn't it do your heart 



"PERSONALLY CONDUCTED " 



good to think of a bunch of future pastors, sitting side 
by side in those classrooms, all having the same doctrine 
pumped into them ? " 

" But," we say, " will not that interfere with the de- 
velopment of denominational theology ? " 

" I imagine the world will be able to struggle along 
very nicely in spite of the loss," he says. " Denomina- 
tional dogmas don't figure very much in our scheme of 
things out here. We're pulling together at a mighty 
heavy load, and we can't afford to get out of breath 
talking over the things on which we don't agree. 

" But we'll have to move on now, if you are going to 
see the best part of the show before dinner." And as 
we go along, he explains that we are now in quite a 
residential district, and that it includes the homes of 
Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. secretaries and other 
foreigners. 

We board a motor boat which our guide has arranged 
for, and for the best part of an hour we glide among 
various types of shipping and finally bring up along rice 
fields bordered with lines of lychee trees. 

" Here w T e are at last ! " cries the irrepressible guide. 
" This is the show place of the city, — Canton Christian 
College ! I teach here, as you know, and I may be biased, 
but if you knew what is going on in this place and what 
an influence is reaching out from it all over South China, 
you would pardon my pride. Anyway, by common con- 
sent this is the outstanding educational institution of 
South China." 

As we start on our tour of inspection, he tells us that 
the college began over thirty years ago because of a de- 
mand of four hundred Chinese literati and merchants for 



f PERSONALLY CONDUCTED " 



an institution of higher learning; that a Presbyterian 
medical missionary named Happer was mainly responsi- 
ble for founding it; that it is now a non-denominational 
college, serving all denominations ; and that the standards 
it holds would be recognized as high in Great Britain 
or in North America. We are told that it has various 
departments, but that it lays its chief stress on the de- 
velopment of educational leaders, especially teachers of 
elementary schools, and that some of the graduates are 
prominent as educators in South China. 

" That isn't the whole story," explains our guide. " We 
emphasize our pre-medical and pre-theological courses, 
and we are glad that many of the strongest leaders of 
the Chinese Church are alumni of the college. The fact 
is, our aim is to send the influence of the college into 
every corner of South China and to touch all phases of 
life. That is why we attach so much importance to our 
agricultural department. We want to help enlarge 
China's output of food. We are making experiments to 
improve the quality of rice grown in these parts, to better 
the breeding of hogs, and to introduce the Chinese to 
the idea of a sanitary milk supply. 

" That is the sericulture laboratory over there. We got 
the money for that from the American Silk Association, 
purely as a business investment, so that we could make a 
thorough study of silkworms with a view to producing 
a finer quality of silk. 

"Yonder you see our athletic field. It is always 
crowded like that in the afternoons. The boys take very 
kindly to track athletics, baseball, and out-door games of 
all sorts." 

We learn many other interesting facts before we leave ; 



" PERSONALLY CONDUCTED " 



for example, that twenty-five girls are taking the full 
college course and that the student Y. M. C. A. is vig- 
orously active, not only in Christian work on the campus, 
but also in social welfare work outside. 

" Those f ellows," says our guide, " are putting their 
religion into action. They started an elementary school 
and supported it until it became so large that the college 
took it over. They conduct a farm school for the chil- 
dren of the near-by villages. They have developed day- 
schools for boys and girls in five villages that are abso- 
lutely untouched by any other Christian influence. They 
are running night-schools for servants and workmen on 
the campus and have opened " moonlight schools " in 
several villages for adults who have not had an oppor- 
tunity for education. But wait a minute. There is 
Dr. Chung ! I want you to meet this man. You will find 
him interesting." 

So we are introduced to Dean Chung, who, we after- 
wards are told, has studied at Columbia as well as in 
China and is now a powerful personage in educational 
and political affairs. We do find him interesting, but 
our guide hurries us away. If we would let him, he 
would crowd the conversation with a " Who's Who " of 
the graduates of the college. But we edge into the talk. 

" What a wide variety of missionary work you people 
have in Canton, and what an interesting time you must 
have of it when you all get together." 

" Well," he replies, " we don't suffer much from ennui. 
There is something stirring all the time, and something 
interesting at that. Did you ever see a missionary who 
was bored by his work? But what does trouble us is 
that there are so many important things that are going 



" PERSONALLY CONDUCTED ! 



undone. We are terribly in need of some high-class 
workers right now. The hospital down there on the 
Bund needs a good many additions to its medical and 
nursing staff, — a hospital superintendent and a business 
manager like the one we have secured at the college. 
They need stenographic and clerical help at the book- 
store. The school we have on the campus for the chil- 
dren of missionaries and business people has about forty 
children, but we need teachers for it. We are looking 
for architects to supervise construction work on mission 
buildings and to train builders. We are on the lookout 
for several topnotch professors at the college, including 
a teacher of business administration, and some good 
chemists to specialize in food analysis. And, of course, 
there are always needed more school teachers and gen- 
eral missionaries. If you come across any Grade- A 
young men and women back home who are Christian to 
the core and who have imagination enough to see the 
size of the opportunity out here, I wish you would point 
them our way. 

" Well, here we are at your hotel. Just in time for 
dinner. It has been like a breeze from home to see you. 
So long, and good luck !" And he goes off in his motor 
boat. 

Later in the evening when we have caught our breath, 
we compare notes as to the impressions of the day. On 
four points we are agreed. One is that the scope of 
modern missionary work is far broader than we had 
imagined. It will be some fun when we get back home to 
startle out of their old-fashioned missionary notions cer- 
tain people we know who have thought that the clergy- 
man and whatever the name is of his female counterpart 
have a monopoly of foreign missionary work. It has 



" PERSONALLY CONDUCTED ! 



been an eye-opener to us to find that the nurse, the physi- 
cal director, the business manager, the college professor, 
the Association secretary, the kindergartner, the matron, 
the analytical chemist, the builder, the doctor, the teacher 
of the blind, the stenographer, and the clergyman, all 
belong as bona fide missionaries in a great Christian en- 
terprise so broad in scope and so thorough in its organiza- 
tion that it might truly be called, World Friendship, 
Incorporated. 

Another point of agreement is that the workers we 
have seen are all of them very able people, busy as nailers, 
and immensely fond of their work. 

A third point on which we agree is that we have no- 
ticed a sad need for reinforcements at every turn. 

And one other point on which there can be no differ- 
ence of opinion is that the chap who piloted us around is 
a human dynamo and a shameless optimist. 



I 

THE WORLD'S HEALTH 

/^l NE day early in the War an urgent message came to 
Dr. Cyril H. Haas of Adana, in Asia Minor. The 
favorite wife of a Turkish governor lay grievously ill, 
so ill that when the doctor reached her bedside, he saw 
at a glance that her life was hanging by a thread. 

" Gentlemen," he said to the Turkish doctors, " we 
must operate at once." 

" We dare not," they replied. " The patient will most 
surely die in any case, and if we should participate in this 
operation, our own lives will be forfeit." 

" An American physician's oath," said Dr. Haas, " does 
not allow him to consider his own interests if there is 
any chance to save a life." 

Finally the Turkish doctors agreed to the operation 
provided the American surgeon would sign a paper ac- 
cepting full responsibility for the outcome. The opera- 
tion was completed by two o'clock in the morning, and 
from then till dawn Dr. Haas prayed that his efforts 
might be blessed to the patient's recovery. As he said 
afterward, " If ever I prayed in my life, I prayed in 
those early morning hours, for there was every indication 
that the woman could not live." His combined skill and 
faith were rewarded, and the woman recovered. 

The governor was no saint. He had won a prize for 
inventing the most painful method of torturing Arme- 
nians. " If permission were granted me," he said, " I 
should command that every one of the t^n thousand 
Christians here should be butchered." But his gratitude 

ii 



12 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

to the skilful American missionary knew no bounds. 

A little later, when Dr. Haas was stricken with typhus, 
and his life was despaired of, this genius of cruelty sent 
each day to inquire as to his condition. He would say, 
"The missionary doctor is my brother; I love him." 
When the crisis was past, he insisted on being the first 
to come as a visitor to the doctor's bedside to kiss him 
and express his good wishes. 

This Turkish official was not alone in loving the Amer- 
ican doctor and wishing for his recovery. The entire 
population held him in affection, and even the Moslems 
went daily to the mosque to intercede with Allah that he 
might be restored to health. 

When the frightful epidemic in North China broke out 
in 1911, in which the records showed 43,942 cases and 
43,942 deaths, it was the staff of the mission hospital 
at Moukden, Dr. Christie, Dr. Young, and Dr. Jackson, 
who led the fight against the enemy germs. Dr. Christie 
organized and guided the governmental measures that 
were adopted; Dr. Young took charge of the hospital. 
The Chinese pilgrims were streaming down from infected 
areas to Moukden whence they would take trains to 
Peking for the New Year's festival. They must be 
examined at the railroad station and all suspected cases 
isolated. Dr. Arthur Jackson, recently arrived from 
Cambridge and British hospital training, volunteered for 
this dangerous work. He did it well. He literally threw 
his life across the road to Peking and the South defying 
the onward sweep of the contagion and saying, " It shall 
not pass." The promising life of that brilliant young 
doctor was the price, but the fight was won. " He died 
for us," said the Chinese. 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 13 

A week later there was held at the British Consulate 
a memorial service. The Viceroy was there, a score of 
leading officials, and most of the foreigners in Moukden. 
At the close, the Viceroy read this address : 

We have shown ourselves unworthy of the trust laid 
upon us by our Emperor; we have allowed a dire pes- 
tilence to overrun the sacred capital. 

His Majesty the King of Great Britain shows sym- 
pathy with every country when calamity overtakes it ; his 
subject, Dr. Jackson, moved by his Sovereign's spirit, 
and with the heart of the Savior, who gave his life to 
deliver the world, responded nobly when we asked him 
to help our country in its time of need. 

He went forth to help us in our fight daily, where the 
pest lay thickest ; amidst the groans of the dying he strug- 
gled to cure the stricken, to find medicine to stay the evil. 

Worn by his efforts, the pestilence seized upon him and 
took him from us long ere his time. Our sorrow is be- 
yond all measure ; our grief too deep for words. 

O, Spirit of Dr. Jackson, we pray you to intercede for 
the twenty million people of Manchuria and ask the 
Lord of Heaven to take away this pestilence so that we 
may once more lay our heads in peace upon our pillows. 

In life you were brave, now you are an exalted Spirit. 
Noble Spirit, who sacrificed your life for us, help us still 
and look down in kindness upon us all ! 

Among the many appreciations of Dr. Jackson's ser- 
vice which appeared in non-Christian papers there was 
this notable tribute: 

He was able to do what he did because he held firmly 
to the great principle of his religion : to sacrifice one's 
own life for the salvation of others. Dr. Jackson has not 
died of plague, he died for duty ; and he is not truly dead. 

The lives of those missionaries witnessed every day to 



14 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

a large gospel, a gospel to the entire man, — body as well 
as soul. That was the gospel given by the teaching and 
the practise and the last instructions of the first medical 
missionary. If we had no medical missionary work to- 
day, we should preach only a limited gospel to the world 
and perform only a partial missionary task. Our errand 
to the world is part of Christ's errand and therefore it 
includes the physical redemption of humanity. 

The world has suffered more in the past few years 
than ever before. But likewise the world has had more 
healing during this period than ever before. And now 
that so many of the wounds are healed which the cruel 
hand of War cut into the bodies of men, how wonderful 
it would be if the great heart of Christendom would beat 
in equal sympathy for the physical burdens and agonies 
of the lands without Christ ! 

I. CALLING THE DOCTOR 

The lands to which missionaries go are disease-ridden. 
They have all the diseases that are common among us 
and many which we rarely or never see. Cholera, sleep- 
ing sickness, plague — both bubonic and pneumonic — 
smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, yellow fever, and malaria 
take their terrible toll in millions every year. Sleeping 
sickness in Uganda and Central Africa has decimated the 
population. Half the deaths in Korea are from smallpox. 
In China, so says a medical authority, three predominant 
diseases, tuberculosis, syphilis, and intestinal parasites, 
affect three fourths of the population. Leprosy is preva- 
lent in almost all non-Christian countries. 

There are several factors which make disease more 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 15 

terrible and epidemics more fatal in those lands than with 
us. These factors do not apply to Japan, which, medi- 
cally speaking, is one of the most advanced nations. 

There is almost no knowledge of sanitation and hy- 
giene. Inoculation, disinfection, and segregation are 
practically unknown. Near the writer's house in India 
was a tank of standing water in which it was quite com- 
mon to see men, women, and children bathing, doing 
their laundry, brushing their teeth, and drinking the 
water. A neighbor of ours found that six persons, and 
sometimes more, were sleeping in one small room in the 
servants' quarters, and with the door shut at that! He 
determined to take capital measures to relieve the situa- 
tion and teach a practical lesson in hygiene, so one day 
he opened a good-sized hole in the mud wall of the room. 
Next morning on looking out, he found that the hole 
had been carefully boarded over. Think what the at- 
mosphere of that room must have been — think quickly 
and forget it. 

The ideas as to the care of infants are correspondingly 
primitive. And as for diet, when diet exists, there is 
little thought of balanced menus and tables of calories. 
It is usually a case of eating what is to be had or, where 
there is a choice, of selecting those forms of nourishment 
which are most unfriendlv to digestion. 

Resistance to disease is low as a result of inherited 
weaknesses. Taking into account undernourishment, 
harmful diet, overcrowding, early marriage, the inherited 
results of immorality, the drinking of foul water, and 
many other causes, need we wonder that none but the 
very strong infants survive? 

Fatalism and pessimism present a further handicap. 



16 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

To the Buddhist this life is essentially evil — why should 
one cling to it? So he settles down in dull resignation 
and apathetic calm to await what comes. He makes a 
practise of indifference, a virtue of inertia. Fatalism is 
current through the East — " It is written on my forehead. 
What can I do ? " But the prize fatalist is the Moham- 
medan. Disaster is to him a part of " Kismet," a fate 
that cannot be altered; so he will not disturb himself to 
resist disaster. 

In 1898 the French Government wished certain infor- 
mation about Moslem cities for the use of its Colonial 
office. Among those to receive its questionnaire was the 
Pasha of Damascus. His answers were published in the 
Lancet of July 16 of that year as follows: 

What is the death-rate per thousand in your principal 
city? 

In Damascus it is the will of Allah that all should 

die ; some die old, some die young. 

'Are the supplies of drinking water sufficient and of 
good quality? 

From the remotest period no one has died of thirst. 

Make general remarks on the hygienic condition oj) 

your city. 

Since Allah sent us Mohammed, his prophet, to 
purge the world with fire and sword, there has 
been a vast improvement. And now, my lamb of 
the West, cease your questioning. Man should not 
bother himself about matters that concern only God. 

Native quackery and superstition add to the health 
problem of the Orient. There is, of course, some value 
in the old medical systems, but at their best they are very 
primitive and often highly ridiculous. Their materia 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 17 

medica is absurdly crude. Their knowledge of anatomy- 
is mainly guesswork. The Chinese doctors of the old 
school believe that there are five tubes from the mouth 
to the stomach and that both lungs are on one side. They 
have absolutely no scientific diagnosis. And at their 
worst the old systems are loathsome and cruel and often 
fatal. 

Incantations, charms, amulets, and many curious de- 
vices to cheat or propitiate or ward off the evil spirits 
which cause disease are very common in Asia and Africa ; 
but they are harmful only in a negative way. Worse by 
far are the painful measures that are sometimes em- 
ployed. In China, India, and elsewhere, filthy needles 
are plunged into the joints or the abdomen to release the 
evil spirits within. One native treatment for infantile 
convulsions is to place a red-hot iron on the spot on the 
baby's head where the pulsations may be seen, in the 
hope that this will destroy the demon and preserve the 
baby's life. 

Is it any wonder, when all these factors are consid- 
ered, that the death-rate in mission areas, save Japan, 
is enormously high? In New York State the death-rate 
is fifteen per thousand of the population ; in most Orien- 
tal towns it is over forty-five per thousand. In China 
it is from fifty to fifty-five per thousand. Infant mor- 
tality is very high. In Chile, with its choice climate, 
seventy-five per cent of the children die before they are 
two years of age. The mortality in non-Christian lands 
would depopulate France in a year and the United States 
in less than three years. 

With Asia and Africa and Latin America sick, what 
is there to do but call the doctor? And from North 



18 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

America, Britain, Australia, and the Continent Christian 
doctors and nurses have been hearing the call and going 
to the rescue. No mystical call have they been hearing, 
no summons in a vision, but the call of a bitter need — the 
kind of call that sent their colleagues hurrying into war 
service and to the relief of typhus-smitten Serbia. It is 
the tradition and instinct of the profession added to a 
love for Christ and a devotion to his work. They are 
not forgetting the evangelistic opportunity and duty, but 
they are going as medical workers, with their drugs and 
instruments, to save life and cure disease and promote 
health. Every one of them is " a missionary and a half," 
with remedies for the physical and spiritual ills of men. 
Their gospel is every inch practical. 

Missionary history shows many instances where the 
doctor has been the pioneer Christian worker in his field. 
Religious bigotry is often successful in keeping the door 
closed to a man who comes only as a preacher of a new 
doctrine. But if a man comes with medicines and surgi- 
cal instruments, he is likely to be met with a welcome, 
even though he brings also a Bible. Dr. Paul Harrison, 
going by invitation to a fiercely intolerant part of inland 
Arabia and being royally treated during his stay, is a case 
in point. He was allowed to do no religious work, but he 
was invited to return. In the meantime those Moslems 
will be pondering the eloquent Christian sermon that was 
preached by the loving service of the doctor; and some 
day regular evangelistic work will be carried on in Riadh. 
When the gates of Afghanistan swing open to Christian 
effort, it will be due in no small part to Dr. Theodore 
Pennell, whose work is described in his thrilling book,, 
Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier} 





sr ! ;:!:•; 



ISl 



After many years spent in western China, Dr. Albert Shelton en- 
tered the " Forbidden Kingdom " at the invitation of Tibetan offi- 
cials. Hundreds of miles he traveled on his mule, equipped with 
Christianity for the souls and medicine for the bodies of the 
people. The building on the desolate hilltop is his dispensary at 
Batang, the first in a great region. 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 19 

Some day the word of God will be proclaimed unhindered 
in Lhassa and throughout Tibet, "the Forbidden King- 
dom." Already the door has been opened — just enough 
to let one missionary cross the eastern threshold, and that 
one is a physician, Dr. Albert Shelton, who has been wait- 
ing his chance on the border for many years. And if the 
full story of that victory is written, it will tell of Loftis, 
the young doctor who, on leaving the Vanderbilt Medical 
School, in Tennessee, asked his mission board to send 
him to the neediest place they could find in the world. 
He spent six months of solid travel to reach his post on 
the western edge of China and after a few weeks of 
service laid down his splendid life at the very gateway 
of Tibet. 

It is true indeed that Christian doctors and nurses 
have been going to the physical rescue of non-Christian 
lands, some of them to pioneer posts, more of them to 
points where Christian effort is already established. But 
they have not gone in sufficient numbers. 1 In Mexico 
there are hospitals and physicians only in the large cities, 
and even these are mainly for the wealthy classes. In 
South America, the state hospitals are not enough for 
the needs of one tenth of the population. And as for 
missionary hospitals, there are only twelve in the whole 
of Latin America. In China there is only one medical 
missionary to every 1,200,000 persons, as compared with 
one doctor to every 625 of the population in the United 
States and Canada. If these two countries were to be 
staffed at China's ratio, there would be less than one 
hundred physicians within their borders. The swarm- 

ir The most recent statistics available report only 1,052 foreign 
physicians in missionary service, including 309 women, and only 
537 foreign nurses. 



20 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

ing tribes of Africa have access to very few doctors 
or nurses. In India, where nine tenths of the people 
live in villages, Dr. W. J. Wanless estimates that " ninety 
out of every hundred who die in the smaller villages die 
unattended by a qualified, or even partially qualified, 
physician." 

The scarcity of women doctors in the missionary field 
of the world is pitiful and represents an even more acute 
problem than the securing of a sufficient number of men 
doctors. Not only are there many cases which cannot 
be attended by a man doctor, but there are tragic con- 
ditions affecting womanhood in all of the non-Christian 
countries which only the heart of a woman can fully 
appreciate and only the hand of a woman can alleviate. 

Naturally in the face of such a scarcity of doctors and 
nurses, other missionaries, who have had no medical 
training, have to take a hand. Dr. George L. Mackay 
of Formosa was but a doctor of divinity, but since there 
was no doctor of the medical variety within reach, he 
had to meet the situation as best he could. Bad teeth 
were the rule among the Formosans, and Dr. Mackay 
might often be seen entering a village with the Bible in 
one hand and forceps in the other. Bishop Lambuth tells 
a remarkable story of an ordained man in Korea who in 
an emergency operated upon a woman who had been in 
a fight and was horribly mutilated. No surgeon was 
available, so the minister grit his teeth and set to work. 
He had only an ordinary needle and thread, some carbolic 
acid, clean towels, and his two untrained hands. But he 
knew enough to take the right antiseptic measures and 
he actually performed an abdominal operation with suc- 
cessful results. When Dr. Henry H. Atkinson of Turkey 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 21 

died of typhus in 1915, his wife, although not a trained 
physician, kept his hospital open and continued his work 
for both Christian and Moslem through the terrible 
months following the deportations and massacres. Epi- 
demics bring missionaries of all sorts into medical action. 
Then, and in ordinary times as well, the wives of mis- 
sionaries play a very important part by bringing first aid 
and applying simple remedies in the homes of the people. 

II. RECLAIMING THE BODY 

When the Christian doctor arrives in his field, his first 
effort is to begin dispensary work. Perhaps he finds that 
a non-medical missionary has already set apart a room in 
his bungalow for such a purpose and has been issuing 
daily some simple remedies. In any case, the doctor must 
quickly secure a building for a dispensary. Stocking it 
with the more common medicines and some minor surgi- 
cal instruments, he announces that during certain hours 
every day patients will be received. It is not long before 
those are very crowded hours. At the appointed time 
each day, many assemble to be cured and are led, first of 
all, in a religious service by the missionary, perhaps in 
a waiting-room, perhaps out of doors. Then he goes to 
his consulting room, where he examines the patients one 
by one, those outside having a further opportunity of 
hearing the Christian message from a native evangelist. 
As the patients leave the missionary, some go to the dis- 
pensing room to have their prescriptions filled and some 
go to another room where minor surgical needs receive 
attention. Some go away entirely cured; some are told 
when to come for the next treatment. Some are not 
needing medicine so much as the touch of loving Chris- 



22 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

tian friendship. One tired-looking woman, when her 
turn came in the dispensary, looked up in the physician's 
face and said, " Give me some medicine for a sad heart. 
My son is dead." So the cases run on, twenty, thirty, 
perhaps fifty of them each day. 

But many are too ill to come to a dispensary, so the 
doctor must needs visit them in their homes. Such a 
call often means the first entrance of Christian influence 
into the family life of the people. Sometimes men doc- 
tors hurriedly called to attend a woman have been refused 
admittance to her presence and have found that they were 
supposed to take her pulse by holding the end of a string 
which had been tied around her wrist and passed out 
through closely drawn bed-curtains. The woman doc- 
tor, however, has free access to the most secluded and is 
able, not only to give them adequate medical treatment 
and simple instructions in hygiene, but also to bring a 
message of Christian love and cheer. 

Farther afield still the doctors, men and women, must 
carry their work of relief. Round about their stations 
there are multitudes of people who need medical help. 
So the missionaries go out at times on tours of healing to 
outlying towns and villages, following up some of their 
former patients and treating many new cases. Word has 
gone out in advance that the doctor is to arrive at a cer- 
tain time, and a crowd of people will often be found 
waiting to present their ailments and beg for relief. 
Others will have stopped the doctor by the wayside to 
get help. Dr. Pennell sometimes in a single day per- 
formed a dozen operations for cataract upon afflicted 
people who interrupted him on his journey. 

But every missionary doctor's heart is set upon a hos- 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 23 

pital. Without it he is bound to be sadly limited in his 
work. People suffering from serious diseases cannot 
be successfully treated as out-patients. In the case of 
major or delicate surgical operations, too, the best work 
of the doctor demands a well-equipped hospital. 

There are in the various mission fields 692 hospitals 
and 1,218 dispensaries under Protestant missionary 
auspices. The hospital is to be reckoned as a powerful 
evangelistic agency, through the continuous presence of 
the patients in a Christian atmosphere and under the 
influence of Christian doctors and nurses, through the 
services that are held in the wards, and through the 
follow-up work that is done by native evangelists and 
Bible women after the patients have been discharged and 
have gone to their homes, sometimes far out in the 
district. 

One of the best equipped of mission hospitals main- 
tained by a single mission board is the American Pres- 
byterian Hospital at Miraj, Western India. The funds 
for the building were furnished from America, the land 
was given by the Prime Minister of the state of Miraj, 
and the Maharajah of Kohlapur added six and a half 
acres for more buildings. Bishop Walter R. Lambuth 
writes : 1 

The American Presbyterian hospital at Miraj, India, 
under the administration of Dr. W. J. Wanless, is an 
illustration in the extent of its work, its growth in self- 
support, and in the multiplication of its agencies, of what 
can be accomplished under intelligent and masterful 
leadership. It has one hundred and thirty beds, treats 
over two thousand in-patients and more than forty thou- 

1 Medical Missions, pp. 128, 129. 



24 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

sand out-patients annually, and has four branch dis- 
pensaries. It has been conducted on such a sound basis 
that it has been practically self-supporting from the be- 
ginning. During the past six years, in addition to current 
expenses, it has enlarged its plant to the amount of 
$40,000 from funds raised on the field — mainly the gifts 
of patients. The work of three hospitals and seven dis- 
pensaries in the Western India Mission, are all extensions 
of the Miraj work and costs the home Church, exclusive 
of missionaries' salaries, less than $4,000 annually. A 
physician and a nurse, both Americans, are supported 
by the hospital. 

In an article by Saint Nihal Singh, the Indian writer, 
he states that, " within a radius of 250 miles of Miraj, 
there are numerous hospitals maintained by the govern- 
ment, most of them under the charge of British physi- 
cians ; yet so famous is this missionary doctor, that dur- 
ing a recent year he performed twice as many as the 
total operations performed in all other hospitals within 
this area." 

It becomes a matter of both astonishment and of ad- 
miration when we sum up in figures alone the personal 
service rendered by this one medical missionary in twenty- 
eight years. During that period Dr. Wanless has per- 
formed more than 25,000 surgical operations. We are 
not surprised to learn that " his name has come to be 
almost worshipped in Hindu and Moslem homes." 

Indeed the gratitude of patients is one of the most 
cheering experiences of missionary doctors. " How 
many fingers can you see ? " asked the doctor holding up 
her hand. The bandage had just been removed from the 
eyes of the first patient in the David Gregg Hospital for 
Women and Children in Canton, a woman who had been 
suffering from double cataract. " Five," she replied, 
" but I want to see you." 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 25 

Some of the hospitals are maintained by a number of 
cooperating societies. These union enterprises mean bet- 
ter plants, better equipments, better staffs than are pos- 
sible in the smaller denominational institutions, and they 
effect a great economy both of effort and money. More- 
over, they serve to demonstrate the oneness of the Church 
and its work and help to draw into closer fellowship and 
better understanding the various branches of Christianity 
both at home and on the mission field. 

Wherever there is need of doctors, there is need of 
nurses. Here is a pen picture recently sketched by a 
nurse, of her work in a mission hospital in Arabia. It is 
as much a moving picture as a pen picture, with the 
nurse doing most of the moving. 

My duties in the hospital in Bahrein were not those 
strictly coming under the nurse's sphere at home. I 
worked with one man doctor. Between us we had only 
one trained helper, an Indian, who was a compounder 
and who did some of the dressings. Also, he would be 
anesthetist in operations for men. We had in our hos- 
pital about twenty women patients and forty men. You 
can readily see that patients here under these circum- 
stances do not get such care as they receive at home. 
Although we try to keep our wards clean, they can 
never compare with the spick and span wards at home. 
Only surgical cases have beds ; most patients are afraid 
to sleep on beds, so they have their mattresses laid on the 
floor for them. 

Owing to the fact that Arabs are Moslems, most 
women do not want to be seen by the doctor if he is a 
man. They often consent to have the operation per- 
formed by him, but after that, they will be seen very 
little by him, often not at all. So you have to report 
symptoms and consult with the doctor for the subsequent 



26 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

treatment. This increases the responsibility of the nurse 
tremendously. 

In the morning we first attend to the most necessary 
work for the in-patients. During that time, the dispen- 
sary patients assemble in the waiting-room. We usually 
have from twenty-five to forty. When they are assem- 
bled, we read them a short passage from the Bible, usu- 
ally a story, a parable perhaps. Then we explain it in 
simple colloquial words and try to impress them with one 
single thought — their minds cannot take in much. If 
the nurse has a bit of knowledge of psychology, she will 
find it very useful in telling stories to ignorant women. 
On Sunday we try to bring the walking patients and 
their friends to the church service. Much can be done 
by the nurse if she tries to use odd moments to ad- 
vantage. 

Now, one would naturally think that with a need so 
desperate and an opportunity so inviting, missionary can- 
didates for nursing positions must be a drug on the mar- 
ket. The contrary, alas, is the case. It is hard to secure 
enough well-qualified nurses for the places that need them 
in the Near and Far East and Latin America. Under 
one missionary society there are ninety hospitals and dis- 
pensaries and eighty-seven doctors, but only sixty-seven 
nurses. That means, think of it, twenty fewer nurses 
than doctors, and it means twenty-three hospitals and 
dispensaries without even one nurse ! 1 

A doctor in China recently summarized for a mission- 
ary periodical the task to which he and his associates are 
devoting themselves. It is so characteristic as to be worth 
quoting : 

1 See Medical Missions, p. 153. 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 27 

Why the Doctor is a Busy Man 
The Staff 
2 American doctors 
4 Chinese doctors trained in a mission institution 

1 Chinese nurse trained in a mission institution 

The Job 

2 hospitals 

4 dispensaries 

1 class of medical students 
13 nurse students in training 
1 wholesale drug business 
100 treatments a day 

5 operations a day 

1,200 in-patients, each averaging 12 days in hospital 

$3,000 a year to raise by special gifts in America 

$9,000 a year to raise on the field 

5 letters to write each day 

1,692,000 people dependent on us for Western med- 
ical treatment 

A territory equal to Connecticut and Rhode Island 
combined 

III. CHECKING PHYSICAL WASTAGE 

We have been discussing the missionary's task of heal- 
ing disease. But he has an even more exalted task, — 
that of hindering waste, or, as it is technically called, 
the work of preventive medicine. 

The non-Christian world will never reach a higher 
standard of health until it learns and applies a great 
many lessons in the detailed rules of sanitation and hy- 
giene, both personal and public. But the trouble is more 



28 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

than physical and social. Fundamentally it is psycho- 
logical and spiritual. A totally new set of theories about 
life must be introduced. (1) The body must not be 
despised, but held in honor. (2) The incalculable value 
of every human life, including the youngest child, the 
lowest outcast, the most loathsome leper, must be ac- 
cepted. (3) Purity must be prized and practised, a pur- 
ity that is based upon an esteem of womanhood which 
will eliminate seclusion, child marriage, plural marriages, 
lust and cruelty — and this is an affair of character and 
therefore of religion. (4) Since " hope long deferred 
maketh the heart sick," pessimism must be supplanted by 
a gospel of good cheer — which the Chinese call the 
" happy sound," and the merry heart which, according to 
the Bible, " doeth good like a medicine." (5) Fatalism, 
with its resulting lethargy and non-resistance, must give 
place to the principle of free-will, of initiative, of buoyant 
activity, of personal responsibility to improve conditions. 
(6) Superstition, which blocks the way to hygienic living 
and through fear saps both body and brain of vitality, 
must be displaced by belief in a loving Father who desires 
the happiness and health of his children. (7) For indi- 
vidual self-interest there must be substituted the accept- 
ance of a far-reaching social obligation. 

A large order, indeed! In dealing with it every mis- 
sionary has a share. The practical problem of promoting 
hygiene, sanitation, and public health is, however, a task 
mainly for doctors, nurses, and other experts. Let us see 
how they are tackling it : 

1. Medical missionary forces take the leading part in 
stamping out epidemics. In some part of Asia epidemics 
are raging all the time and whatever measures to check 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 29 

their progress are being adopted, you will always find 
medical missionaries in the vanguard of the workers. 
Dr. Arthur Jackson's fight against pneumonic plague is 
matched by many other physicians' work in stamping 
out smallpox, typhoid, and cholera. 

If we are not yet awake to the perils of tuberculosis, 
what shall be said of Africa and the Orient? In various 
mission countries missionaries are leading against this 
scourge campaigns very similar to those being waged in 
the countries of the West. 

2. Missionary doctors give lectures on public health 
questions. The most ambitious effort along this line is 
being carried on under the direction of the China Medi- 
cal Missionary Association. It was pioneered and is still 
led by Dr. W. W. Peter, public health expert of the 
Young Men's Christian Association. Dr. Peter's method 
is as picturesque as it is effective. Bishop Lambuth de- 
scribes it thus : 1 

The method pursued by this doctor is that of arousing 
curiosity, establishing a point of contact, the use of charts 
and object lessons, the distribution of anti-tuberculosis 
calendars, and, finally, home thrusts in the way of argu- 
ments. The exhibit itself weighs two and a half tons, is 
distributed in thirty-eight packages, and requires eighty- 
one coolies to carry it. The audience, its attention having 
been caught by the pantomime enacted, is held spellbound 
by the lecture which follows. The announcement is made 
that 852,348 victims of tuberculosis die every year in the 
country. Figures like this mean little, but when an illus- 
tration is given by touching a button and having a con- 
stant procession of little men, women, and children walk 
out of a miniature Chinese house, one for every eight 
seconds, and falling into^an open grave as a bell tolls a 

1 Medical Missions, p. 71. 



3 o WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

funeral knell, the impression is simply tremendous. 
Even the phlegmatic Chinese feel a suppressed quiver of 
excitement running through them, and resolve that they 
will join in the preventive campaign for which their co- 
operation is requested. 

Dr. Peter is bringing China to see the relation between 
national health and national efficiency. The highest of- 
ficials have been deeply interested and " have given lib- 
eral sums of money and devoted their time to committee 
work looking to the organization of public health asso- 
ciations." Dr. Peter and his Chinese colleague, Dr. Woo, 
cannot begin to meet the demand for their lectures and 
exhibits on " Tuberculosis," " The Fly," " Communicable 
Diseases," " Infant Hygiene," " Home Sanitation," 
" Patent Medicines," and other subjects. Accordingly, 
they have prepared " canned lectures " which are avail- 
able for others to deliver. These lectures are always 
accompanied by charts, exhibits, and lantern slides. 
Three moving picture films on " The Fly," " The Mos- 
quito," and " The Trail of the Germ " are also in great 
demand. 

3., Men and women of the medical missionary staff 
prepare and distribute public health literature which 
reaches multitudes who are not in a position to receive 
health instruction in any other form. 

4. They make use of the public press. The more pro- 
gressive newspapers of the East are glad to lend their 
columns to an expert discussion of questions relating to 
the physical well-being of the community. 

5. They secure legislative aid in the interests of health. 
Many reforms are held back because of selfish consid- 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 31 

erations or because of stupid conservatism, and nothing 
short of an enactment, national or provincial or munici- 
pal, will carry the day. In addition, there are many social 
and industrial evils interfering with personal and com- 
munity health against which legislation must be invoked. 
Another chapter deals with the great campaigns which 
missionaries have conducted in this field. 

6. The missionary doctors introduce health instruction 
into the classroom. In the missionary schools this has 
become very general, beginning sometimes in the primary 
grades and going on through high school and even col- 
lege. This is a rare opportunity to influence public 
action, for the health rules that are taught are carried 
away from these schools and are made the subject of 
discussion in Korean homes, in African palavers, and 
about the village wells in India. When the lessons are 
reinforced in school by posters, leaflets, and such sani- 
tary measures as a toothbrush drill, they take hold all 
the more strongly. Advanced instruction is given in the 
missionary colleges, many of which are centers for health 
reform. In some countries, such as China, the medical 
missionaries are also using their influence to have health 
education introduced in the curricula of government in- 
stitutions of all grades. In the Peking Union Medical 
College a department is being introduced to train medical 
officers from all over China, who, in turn, will be re- 
sponsible in their provinces for preventive measures and 
for dealing with epidemics. 

7. They carry their health propaganda directly into 
the homes of the people. The wives of the missionaries 
and the single women workers do not fail to make their 
visits count in the score of hygiene. The family diet 



32 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

and the care of babies are very natural topics of con- 
versation. The cleanliness of rooms and of utensils, the 
disposal of garbage, the filtering or boiling of bad drink- 
ing water, the value of fresh air, and many other ele- 
ments of household hygiene are brought into discussion. 
Then when the visit is returned, the missionary is able 
to point to her own home as Exhibit A of the theories 
about which she has been talking. 

8. They aim at body-building through exercise. In 
Japan the Government has interested itself vigorously in 
the question, and here and there in the East returned 
Asiatic students from Western countries have pioneered 
athletics in a small way. In the main, however, the de- 
velopment has been due to missionary influence. In mis- 
sion high schools and colleges athletics are a regular and 
prominent feature of student life. The Orientals take 
very readily to team play and are quite adept in various 
lines of sport. Witness Kumagae and Shimidzu, the 
crack tennis players of Japan, and the Waseda Univer- 
sity baseball teams that have recently visited America. 
Many mission institutions have one or more physical ex- 
perts on the teaching staff to give direction to gymnasium 
work and outdoor sports. 

The Young Men's and Young Women's Christian 
Associations have been enthusiastic pioneers of team ath- 
letics and also of individual physical training. They have 
sent a number of well-trained experts, including doctors, 
into their service abroad. 

The best illustration of this service is the work of 
Dr. J. H. Gray, who went to India in 1908. He was the 
first trained Association director to be sent to the Orient. 
Within a few years his methods and achievements in Cal- 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 33 

cutta had won the attention of the political, military, and 
educational leaders of India. He was asked to edit and 
enlarge the standard book of instruction for government 
drill masters throughout India. The Government of 
India has made him its advisor in all matters that have 
to do with the physical interests of the nation. Under 
his guidance the Association has led in the play-ground 
movement throughout India. It is doubtless true that 
" the entire modern movement of physical education in 
India is largely the product of Young Men's Christian 
Association experience and initiative." • 

There is another side to the medical work our West- 
ern physicians are doing in Eastern lands which we are 
justified in considering. Dr. T. Dwight Sloan, Superin- 
tendent of the Union Hospital at the University of Nan- 
king, puts it like this : 

No one who stops to think the situation through can 
fail to see that their problem is also our problem. Even 
if Christian charity did not demand that we interest our- 
selves in clearing out these plague spots, selfish interest 
would. The world is no longer kept apart by physical 
barriers. The contacts multiply with the years. Dis- 
eases affecting the Orient constantly threaten us. We 
have spent millions of dollars in protecting ourselves 
from them. The time has come not only to attack the 
periodic outbreaks on the periphery, but to strike effec- 
tively at the centers of the disease areas as well. 

In such ways as we have outlined, missionaries are 
seeking, not only to remedy the physical ills of the non- 
Christian world, to heal disease and relieve suffering, 
but also to cut through to the causes of trouble, bring 
counter-irritants into action, and introduce a whole new 
set of conditions that will protect life, halt physical wast- 



34 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

age, and promote abounding vitality and wholesome liv- 
ing for individuals and for the community. 

IV. A SUM IN MULTIPLICATION 

Trained Western workers will never be able to reach 
more than a small fraction of the situation. They know 
it. And almost as soon as they reach the field they begin 
looking out for good material to be trained and for the 
opportunity to train it. Every time a mission board sends 
out a new missionary of this sort, we think of it, perhaps, 
as a happy sum in addition. We are wrong. It is a 
blessed sum in multiplication. We say, perhaps, " Fine ! 
That means one more doctor, or nurse, or physical direc- 
tor for the Orient." It does not. It means within a short 
time two or ten or a score of new doctors, nurses, arid 
physical directors who will develop other leaders of their 
own sort; When you hear, therefore, of a doctor setting 
out for China, say, " Thank God ! There go a hundred 
doctors ! " When a Y. W. C. A. physical director sails 
to Singapore, say, " There goes a whole new profession 
for Malaysia ! " When a nurse goes to the Congo, say, 
" What a splendid force of nurses Africa is getting! " 

When Dr. O. R. Avison gave up his practise in To- 
ronto and his teaching position in the medical school of 
the University and went to Korea, he found that there 
was no medical education in that land. Fifteen years 
later he graduated seven medical students. The way 
had been hard. The Canadian doctor had to learn the 
language and gain experience and a knowledge of Korean 
people and conditions. He had to start and conduct a 
hospital. For some time he was the entire faculty of the 
medical school. Today there are ten Western men, three 



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THE WORLD'S HEALTH 35 

or four Japanese, and ten or twelve Koreans on the teach- 
ing staff. The institution is now known as the Severance 
Union Medical College and Hospital, several denomina- 
tions having made this a joint undertaking. Eighty- 
seven men have been graduated as physicians and sur- 
geons, seventy others are now in training in the medical 
school, and a like number in the academic department. 
During the same time, the Nurses' Training School of 
the hospital has turned out thirty-eight Korean graduate 
nurses. This is a fair type of medical education as it is 
being developed in each missionary field. 

The China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Founda- 
tion has recently been expending upwards of $5,000,000 
on land, buildings, and equipment for the new Union 
Medical College and Hospital in Peking. It is centering 
on this institution, in which six British and American 
societies are united, seeking to make it a model of its 
kind in plant, equipment, and teaching staff and so set 
the highest standards for the medical profession in China. 
It works in closest counsel and cooperation with the mis- 
sionary societies and the medical force. All on the teach- 
ing staff are to be missionaries in the fullest sense. A 
director of religious work is maintained in connection 
with the hospital, and the declared aim is to make the 
work "a distinct contribution to missionary endeavor." 

In addition to its work in Peking, the plans of the 
China Medical Board include the strengthening of certain 
other medical schools and hospitals in China " so that 
their faculties and equipment shall not be inferior to 
those of good schools in the West." In the development 
of medical education throughout the mission fields pro- 
vision is made for the training of women as well as men, 



36 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

and nurses' training schools are an important phase of 
the work in the medical colleges and hospitals. 

V. AND YE VISITED ME 

There is yet one other line of approach to the physical 
needs of the non-Christian world which we must con- 
sider; namely, the great range of philanthropic work in 
behalf of needy classes of society or of whole popula- 
tions at a time of acute distress. Because the spirit of 
Christ is at the heart of American and Canadian civiliza- 
tion, there is a missionary spirit ready to break forth to 
serve where service is needed; and in many of the far 
places of need, the administering of relief during pes- 
tilence and famine is almost entirely managed by mis- 
sionaries. 

Closely related to famine relief is the care of orphans. 
When the crops fail in the fields, the crop of orphans is 
always sure to increase. A large proportion of the or- 
phanages in the mission field began as sheltering places 
for such orphans, and have developed into training 
centers for Christian character and service. 

Famine relief and orphanages are by no means the only 
form of philanthropy in which missionaries are inter- 
ested. There are many other specially afflicted classes 
of people in non-Christian nations and for these the mis- 
sionary is trying to find relief and cheer. There are, 
for example, a great many deaf-mutes for whom nothing 
was done until the missionary stepped in to help. The 
first child brought into the first school for the deaf in 
China was supported by a group of deaf and dumb chil- 
dren in a similar school at Rochester, N. Y. The super- 
intendent of that school in Chefoo has gone into many 



THE WORLD'S HEALTH 37 

of the leading cities of China, accompanied by some of 
her pupils, demonstrating to officials what such institu- 
tions are able to accomplish. 

There are multitudes of blind people in mission lands, * 
a million of them in India and China, not to speak of 
other countries. None but the missionary seemed to 
care for them. There are now twenty-five of these mis- 
sionary schools for the deaf and the blind in various 
countries. 

Insanity is more prevalent in the Orient than in West- 
ern lands. But the non-Christian people have either 
stood in awe of the insane as being demon-inspired, or 
they have chained them up, smothered them, or otherwise 
cruelly treated them, or else they have utterly neglected 
them. But the Christian missionary has a different idea, 
and several doctors are giving them special attention. 
About a score of years ago Dr. John G. Kerr opened in 
his own home in Canton a hospital for the insane. From 
that beginning there has grown up a plant worth $100,000 
and accommodating five hundred inmates. This hospi- 
tal was built by the Chinese, and from its doors, no one, 
be he prince or pauper, is ever turned away. 

One of the most interesting and most important of the 
specialized forms of relief administered by missions is 
that for lepers. Fully a million of these unfortunates are 
to be found in India, Japan, and China alone — and there 
are many more in Africa and other parts of the world. 
And Christ has come to them as he did long ago when 
he was able to say to John's disciples, " The lepers are 
cleansed " ; only now he comes to them through his mis- 
sionaries. If you were to visit an island four miles south 
of Chieng Mai, in Siam, you would find there a colony . 



38 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

of two hundred lepers comfortably housed in fifteen brick 
cottages. You would be told that the island was given 
to Christian missionaries for this purpose by the King 
of Siam; that the lepers are happy and usefully em- 
ployed according to their abilities ; that every one of them 
is a Christian; that their little bamboo chapel, paid for 
by themselves, is now being replaced by a new brick 
building, the money for which came in answer to their 
prayers and about which they wrote, " We are heartily 
glad that we shall have a building where we may meet 
in comfort and security. Please continue to pray with 
us that every sick person who shall ever come to this 
asylum may become a true child of God." You would 
look at those poor diseased forms, — the hands without 
fingers, the legs without feet, then you would look into 
those brave faces and see there a light that must have 
fallen from the very face of God. 

This is only one of the ninety leper hospitals and 
asylums and twenty homes for the untainted children o£ 
lepers which are being maintained in various parts of 
the world by the Mission to Lepers and supervised by 
the missionaries of the regular mission boards residing 
near the asylums. A Japanese leper in one of these in- 
stitutions voiced the Christian courage that has come to 
so many when he said, " We must not allow ourselves to 
forget that though we are lepers, we still are men, and 
if we play our part as men, we shall at least please the 
Lord who became Man for us." 

" And there came unto him great multitudes having 
with them the lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many 
others, and they cast them down at his feet; and he 
healed them." So it is today. 



II 

IN FACTORY AND FIELD 

"T DON'T believe in foreign missions." 

1 "Why don't you?" 

" Well, I believe in a practical Christianity that ex- 
presses itself in action, that touches community life, that 
is interested in national affairs. This business of send- 
ing men out merely to win proselytes from other religions 
and of recording results in terms of the number of souls 
saved, — well, I suppose it is very noble and self-sacrific- 
ing and all that, but it's too narrow a view of religion 
to get by with me." 

Probably you have been at one end of such a conversa- 
tion as this. The other end you perhaps felt was carried 
by a party displaying that glib cocksureness which is jus- 
tified either by profound knowledge or abundant igno- 
rance. If so, you have had the satisfaction of pointing 
out that the familiar picture of the "palm-tree mission- 
ary" is a ridiculous caricature, that the type of Chris- 
tianity which is proclaimed and practised in foreign mis- 
sionary effort is, if anything, more practical than the 
Christianity which is current at home, that social Chris- 
tianity in Western lands has a good deal to learn from 
social Christianity abroad. And perhaps you have cited 
in support of your argument the achievements of mis- 
sionaries in dealing with the labor situation in the lands 
to which they have gone. You have admitted that it is 
only in comparatively recent times that the question has 
been handled in a very thorough and scientific way and 
that the missionary has yet a long way to go before his 

39 



4 o WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

responsibility in this direction will be fully met ; but you 
have contended that, from the earliest work of the first 
missionaries in any land, the labor problem has been 
faced conscientiously and with creditable results. You 
may have cited the first missionaries to the Sandwich 
Islands who took out with them a carpenter and a 
printer; also Mackay of Uganda who pioneered the gos- 
pel with the aid of a staff of industrial experts. 

I. WHY TACKLE THE LABOR SITUATION? 

It is the missionary's business to relieve suffering and 
want and to save life. If he is going to do this, he must 
get into the labor question. There is great hunger in 
the non-Christian world and need of shelter. Famines, 
unknown in Christian countries, are common elsewhere. 
Five millions perished in India during the famine of 
1900. In the recent famine in North China there has 
been appalling loss of lives because of starvation and the 
diseases that follow famine. It is safe to say that there 
is famine in some part of Asia all the time. In Africa 
and Asia probably two hundred million people always go 
to bed with their hunger unsatisfied. The missionary 
today thinks it his duty not only to plead for relief and 
administer what is given, but to bore through to the 
causes and strike famine and hunger at their root. 

It is the missionary's business to preach a full gospel, 
a gospel for this life as well as for the next, a gospel of 
physical as well as spiritual redemption. So when he 
finds an aversion to labor, he preaches the joy and satis- 
faction of work. When he finds a contempt for manual 
toil, he tells of the glory of it, how it develops inde- 
pendence and initiative, how it produces character, and 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 41 

how it makes possible the finest expression of self. 

It is the missionary's business to give a comprehen- 
sive education; so his educational scheme includes man- 
ual training and agriculture. He knows that work lifts 
men in the social scale and raises their standards of liv- 
ing. When he comes to a primitive people, he finds these 
standards very low. "The missionary finds a people 
in Africa and other barbarous lands that are idle and 
without ambition. In the Malay States it is impossible 
to hire the natives to work. A shake of the tree and he 
has fruit, a line into the sea and he has fish, a bit of 
beaten bark and his wife has him a garment; he builds 
his house of a few bamboo poles, and may while away 
the sultry days with games and the chewing of betel nut, 
so why should he work? Money would only buy things 
he does not need, and he has no ambition to raise his 
standard of life." 1 

It is the missionary's business, as we are to see later, 
to help build up a strong national life, according to 
Christian standards. He must do what he can to estab- 
lish sound social and economic foundations for the na- 
tion's future. But to do this, he finds that there are 
three lessons to be taught which take him to the workshop 
and out into the field and forest. 

1. As has been pointed out, man's aboriginal wants 
are few in any land. Now the missionary's task is to see 
that, so far as he can command the situation, the new 
wants which arise at the first contact with Western civili- 
zation are good, and then to teach the natives to supply 
them. In the process, further wants are created and 
again the missionary must show how these may be sup- 

1 The Social Work of Christian Missions, Alva W. Taylor, 
PP. 157-158. 



42 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

plied. Among primitive peoples the missionary is pro- 
viding the basis for the superstructure of civilization. 

2. The drudgery of the non-Christian nations falls on 
the girls and women. When Stewart of Lovedale was 
establishing an industrial mission in Central Africa, one 
of his important undertakings w r as to train oxen so that 
they could take the place of women on the roads and in 
the fields. The missionary feels that he must disabuse 
the minds of men of the idea that the only manly occu- 
pations are to fight, to hunt, and to eat, while their 
women do the work. Men must be taught that they were 
fashioned by the Creator for the rougher forms of work, 
that their women's hands will be full in the occupations 
of the home and some lighter forms of labor in the field 
or perhaps in the factory. This is a social question, and 
we shall discuss it later, but it belongs also at the basis 
of economic progress. 

3. Most non-Christian people avoid manual work of 
all kinds, so far as possible. This is not true of the 
Chinese, who are very industrious; but to many other 
peoples a successful life is a lazy life. The missionary 
has another theory which he preaches with enthusiasm. 
A successful life, he says, is an active life. A loafer 
must become a laborer before he can begin to take on the 
likeness of God. And back of this is another theory, 
that a man must not order his life for his own pleasure 
merely, but in the interests of others as well. 

It is the missionary's business to counteract the un- 
christian forces that demean and oppress life. Of these, 
alas, there are many among the primitive peoples. Take, 
for instance, the system of forced labor which exists in 
various parts of Africa and Latin America. Although a 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 43 

public conscience has been aroused against it, the system 
still prevails, and there are many whose attitude is that 
of the Belgian Prime Minister who, in 1903, said in 
Parliament that "the natives are not entitled to any- 
thing; what is given them is pure gratuity." Vested 
interests are strong and unchristian commerce has a 
vast greed. 

The missionary protests against all this. And mean- 
time, among the people he is serving, the missionary is 
preaching and practising a counter-doctrine of labor, a 
doctrine of individual worth and rights, of self-respect, 
of self-support. 

It is the missionary's business to care adequately for 
his converts. He must not leave them flabby, as he often 
finds them. He must not make them paupers by sup- 
porting them. What, then, can he do? It may be they 
are turned out and persecuted by their own people. 
Often in India the caste people will not do business with 
them or employ them or even allow them to use the vil- 
lage well. They turn to the missionary, and he solves the 
problem by teaching them some art or craft so that they 
can support themselves. The children in the orphan- 
ages, as soon as they are old enough, are taught some 
useful work to help pay for their keep. Many mission 
schools maintain gardens and workshops to provide self- 
help for students who cannot pay for their board and 
tuition. Even lepers are instructed in some form of 
work and given opportunity to maintain their self- 
respect, while accepting the friendship and help of the 
missionary. 

It is the missionary's business to improve every evan- 
gelistic opportunity he can find. Through training in 



44 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

industry and agriculture this opportunity comes to him 
in two ways. First, it gives him the chance to bring the 
gospel to the attention of certain groups of people under 
favorable conditions, — students in industrial schools,, for 
instance. The teacher has long and close contacts with 
them daily in the classroom and in the workshop or field. 
In a single year, recently, one hundred students were 
converted in Silliman Institute in the Philippines. There 
is a fine opportunity, too, to bring the Christian message 
to groups of workers. A Christian student in the agri- 
cultural department of the University of Nanking saw 
it and started services for the laborers in the agricul- 
tural gardens connected with the University, also speak- 
ing with them individually about Christ. Dr. John E. 
Clough did not let this opportunity pass him when he was 
superintending great gangs of coolies in the making of a 
hundred miles of canal in South India. Up and down 
the lines by day and in their resting places at night, he 
preached Christ to these swarms of ignorant Telugu 
people; and ten thousand of them turned to Christ and 
were baptized. 1 The same evangelistic opportunity 
comes to women as they teach industries in the homes of 
the people. 

The development of industrial and agricultural work 
has this evangelistic value also, that it predisposes many 
in the native population in favor of Christianity. It 
disarms suspicion. The religion preached in the bazaar 
or chapel is here shown in action; it demonstrates itself 
concretely as being, not an alien agency of destruction, 
but a force of constructive helpfulness that is dynamic 
and may be made indigenous. 

1 Social Christianity in the Orient, John E. Clough. 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 45 

It is the missionary's business to see that the Church 
he is planting will have a vigorous growth. By develop- 
ing industrial and agricultural work, he is not only estab- 
lishing self-respect and providing persecuted converts 
with a means of livelihood, but he is also increasing the 
earning power of the whole Christian community, with 
all that means for self-support and self-propagation in 
the Church. Moreover, he is proving the Church to be 
an intelligent and generous friend of labor. You do not 
hear out there the question, so familiar to our ears, 
" Why do the laboring classes not go to church ? " There 
the laboring classes are the very back-bone of the church. 

II. WITH EYE AND HAND AND BRAIN 

Training in industrial arts and crafts has been carried 
on by missionaries in a variety of ways. The number 
of those who have gone out on this distinct errand has 
been comparatively small,, far too small. But a great 
deal of industrial instruction has been given, nevertheless. 

1. General or evangelistic missionaries have carried on 
this training incidentally to their regular work. We shall 
see how necessary it has been for general missionaries in 
pioneer work to tackle the problem. When they have 
surveyed the needs of their fields, one of the first things 
borne in upon them has been the need of industrial train- 
ing. They may not have been technically prepared, but 
they have stepped in and done their best. Mackay of 
Uganda, though he went out as a general missionary, 
was, of course, a well-equipped mechanical engineer. He 
had finished a good course in Scotland and was taking 
advanced work in mechanical engineering in Germany 
when he decided to become a missionary. Although few 



46 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 



missionaries have had training like that, they have been 
ready to adapt themselves to any situation and deal with 
emergencies as they arise. William Carey's only indus- 
trial experience had been in a cobbler's shop. But when 
the need arose to have the Bible translated, he turned his 
hand to printing. Cyrus Hamlin, an ordained man, knew 
little, when he went to Turkey, about a flour-mill and less 
about a bakery, but when the need arrived, he found it 
possible to establish both of them in Constantinople. A 
missionary in West Africa decided that good soap could 
be made from palm-oil. So he made it. Today soap- 
making is one of the industries in that section. Could 
you imagine anything more appropriate than making soap 
in Africa ? 

" Unskilled laborers " themselves to start with, these 
men were able to teach printing, type-manufacturing, 
milling, baking, building, and soap-making to others. 

An interesting work has grown out of some building 
operations begun in Japan by W. H. Vories, a versatile 
young American missionary. He went out in 1905 as a 
Y. M. C. A. teacher of English in the Hachiman Com- 
mercial School. " His quiet, religious work among his 
pupils so aroused the Buddhists that his contract was not 
renewed. His converts suffered persecution, and he was 
penniless, but he resolved to stay there and evangelize 
the province of Omi. For support and service he took 
up architecture, a college hobby, and today is head of the 
Omi Mission, which is building scores of structures on 
Christian principles and at the same time building Christ 
into the lives of the million people in Omi Province. The 
mission is independent and largely self-supporting and 
utilizes all methods — preaching indoors and out, Bible 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 47 

classes, laymen's bands, literature, a sanitarium, a steam 
gospel launch on Lake Biwa, a student dormitory, a 
railway Y. M. C. A., mothers' and children's work, and 
a farm." 1 

2. The lower grades in educational work furnish an- 
other means of meeting the industrial needs of mission 
lands. The aversion to working with the hands is over- 
come, and children are given a taste for and an elemen- 
tary training in the forms of work which their homes 
and country demand. Many of them will aspire to go 
further in industrial or agricultural training with a view 
to becoming proficient in some branch, either to teach it 
to others or for its commercial value. 

3. The missionary's major effort to deal with the in- 
dustrial situation is through technical instruction. This 
is looming up larger every year in the scheme of edu- 
cational missionary work. It is a type of education that 
answers most closely to the national needs in most of 
the mission world. Dr. Charles Cuthbert Hall declared 
it to be as important in India as evangelistic or medical 
work. In Africa practically every mission sees how per- 
fectly it is adapted to the country's needs and is using it 
accordingly. In Moslem lands it is a prime necessity. 
It began largely as a means of self-help either for stu- 
dents or for Christians who needed to be provided with 
a means of livelihood. Miss Margaret Burton gives a 
striking case of the latter, and shows into what large 
things it developed : 2 

In 1895, Oorfa was a city of desolation. The ruthless 
slaughter of the Armenian men had left a host of women 

1 Student Volunteer Movement Bulletin, May, 1920, pp. 31-32. 

2 Women Workers of the Orient, pp. 76-77. 



48 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

and children grief -stricken, destitute, and helpless. With 
nothing in the world save the clothes they wore, they 
crowded the mission stations, seeking help. Temporary 
relief came through the gifts of the compassionate in 
many parts of the world, but there was need of more 
permanent help of a kind which would enable these un- 
trained and helpless women to support themselves and 
their children. Then it was that Miss Shattuck, " with 
the skill of a daring pioneer, ushered into Oorfa the cru- 
sades of women's labor that has changed that city, bereft 
of the Christian male population, into a busy city of 
women's industries. The story of it all reads like a fairy 
tale. The start was made at the mission house. In a 
small room off the girls' dormitory, women and girls 
between fourteen and forty began making embroideries. 
In another room others made handkerchiefs and fine lace 
edgings. Miss Shattuck personally superintended all. 
She planned the work and taught a few, who in turn 
taught others, and every piece when finished was thor- 
oughly examined by her and ordered revised if not well 
done." In little more than ten years after this small 
beginning, sixteen thousand dozen handkerchiefs were 
being exported from Miss Shattuck's mission every year, 
and 1,824 women were finding employment and self- 
support in the handkerchief and embroidery work. The 
industry had spread from Oorfa to the neighboring 
towns and branch industries were working successfully in 
Garmooch, Birijik, Severek, and Adayaman. 

Many mission schools and colleges have self-help de- 
partments. To keep open their doors to any deserving 
student who is too poor to pay for his board and tuition, 
and at the same time not to pauperize him, they main- 
tain industries of various kinds. Back in the beginnings 
of educational work in Turkey, Dr. Cyrus Hamlin saw 
the value of this provision. He says, " I finally came to 
the resolution to establish, if I could get the needed 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 49 

money, a workshop for the students, in which everyone 
should be able to earn enough to clothe himself decently, 
and I would allow no more aid to be given through me, 
and I would pronounce the fact as widely as possible. 
Thousands of boys are today acquiring a good education 
in mission schools, in preparation for industrial or pro- 
fessional life, because there has been provided for them 
a cabinet shop or machine shop or bakery or other in- 
dustrial sideline. For girls as well as boys a chance is 
given to earn their support while acquiring a skilful 
knowledge of embroidery, lace-making, sericulture, 
poultry-breeding, and other industries. 

Then there are the technical schools in great profusion. 
Some of these are out-and-out trade schools ; i.e., schools 
" of the modified apprentice type, where boys definitely 
destined for trades are trained under strictly commer- 
cial conditions with only the necessary minimum of book 
work." These technical schools are not numerous, partly 
because of the great cost of their maintenance and 
partly because they make too little provision for general 
education. 

This does not mean that the work is not thorough. 
In the schedule of the Tiger Kloof institution in South 
Africa, for example, the students spend forty-one hours 
a week at their trade and twelve hours at the work af 
the standards. Like the agricultural and mechanical col- 
leges of the Southern States, the industrial school in mis- 
sionary work is a far broader institution than its name 
implies. It is a grammar school and a hammer school 
combined. 1 

As for the technical quality of its work, it is almost 
universally commended. Go into a furniture store in 



50 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Manila. " Here, sir," you may hear a salesman say, " is 
an excellent dining-room set. We guarantee this to be 
a genuine Silliman product." He is referring to the 
famous Silliman Institute. " This plow is very good," 
a farmer may be told in Madras. " It is not perhaps the 
equal of the Hollister plow, but it will give you excellent 
service." The plow that is becoming famous all through 
South India is made at the Industrial School maintained 
by the Methodist Episcopal Mission in Kolar and pre- 
sided over by the Rev. W. H. Hollister. An American 
lady has just purchased some embroidery in Chicago. 
" Isn't this beautiful ! " she exclaims. " And just think, 
it is genuine Foochow work ! " referring, of course, to the 
Industrial School carried on there under Miss Jean 
Adams' direction. 

The best available materials are used and the most 
approved methods are followed so far as possible in all 
mission industrial schools. And, more important still, 
character is put into the product. The principle of thor- 
oughness that has been hammered into the boy, he ham- 
mers into the hot iron in the blacksmith shop. The 
honesty that has been woven into the girl's nature, she 
weaves into the rug at her loom. 

The great need for tools and processes which are suf- 
ficiently simple and inexpensive to be practicable for na- 
tive artisans and farmers has turned many missionaries 
into inventors. Cyrus Hamlin invented a process 
for tempering his tools; also a washing machine. A 
missionary in an African school contrived a cylindrical 
grater for grinding cassava into kank, a favorite native 
food, which is a great labor-saving device. " Churchill 
of India has invented a hand-loom which trebles the 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 51 

product of the work people. This means much for the 
economic betterment of the people when you consider that 
hand weaving is, next to agriculture, the chief industry 
of India. Mr. Churchill has refused to patent his in- 
vention, preferring that it should be free for the use of 
anyone without the payment of royalty of any kind." 1 

It will not be possible here even to name the many and 
varied industrial schools which are contributing such re- 
markable service in the different mission fields. At one 
extreme we have a small self-help department in a 
school. At the other we have large, highly developed 
institutions like the American Institute in La Paz, Bo- 
livia, or Lovedale in South Africa, corresponding to the 
American schools at Hampton and Tuskegee. Between 
the two extremes are a host of industrial schools or 
departments. 

There are two special forms of industrial training 
about which something should be said, one a prospect, 
the other an achievement. The prospect is the system 
of vocational middle schools for India as recommended 
by the Commission of expert educators who have re- 
cently visited that country to study the question of village 
education from a missionary standpoint. These would 
be rural boarding schools, one for each district, to which 
promising pupils would go from the village primary 
schools. They would " train boys and girls for village 
life while at the same time equipping them with the 
knowledge and character needed by them for town em- 
ployment if they should migrate from their village 
homes." 2 In each of the five classes there would be 

1 Ancient Peoples at New Tasks, Willard Price, p. 181. 

2 See the Commission's report volume, Village Education in 
India, especially chapter VI. 



52 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

industrial work as well as academic training. The report 
points out that these are needed in combination : 

The great need of the people is industrial training, 
including cultivation, partly for the development of their 
country, but far more urgently for their own self-devel- 
opment. It is true that we must train their capacity to 
make a livelihood, but far more urgent is it to train their 
capacity for life. 

No literary curriculum will do this ; no borrowed imi- 
tative culture can achieve it. The highest kind of culture 
must be open to even the meanest villager, it is true ; the 
best learning Western culture has to offer must be within 
the reach of any man who can use it; but the great need 
of the people is a vocational middle school making the 
village boy into a man and a workman. 

This whole proposal of the Commission is most timely 
and statesmanlike. 

A noteworthy development in industrial education is 
in process in many mission colleges and universities 
where technical departments are being established. These 
aim at developing highly trained specialists to take places 
of leadership in developing the natural resources of their 
nations and to become the most advanced leaders in in- 
dustrial education. Naturally the governments are rec- 
ognizing the urgent demand for such instruction and are 
taking steps to meet it in the state institutions. Educa- 
tional missionaries have led the way, however, through 
the development of industrial departments in institutions 
like Forman Christian College in India, McKenzie Col- 
lege in Brazil, and the Universities of Peking and Nan- 
king, Canton Christian College, and the College of Arts 
and Sciences in Shantung Christian University. The 
Union Christian University of West China includes in 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 53 

its plans for enlargement ten vocational schools of which 
the first two are to teach photography and sericulture. 
Robert College, Constantinople, and the Anglo-Chinese 
College in Tientsin maintain Departments of Engi- 
neering. 

Industrial training in some cases has evolved inevi- 
tably into large revenue-producing enterprises. Cyrus 
Hamlin found it so when, during the Crimean War, it 
became necessary to enlarge his ovens till he could turn 
out twenty thousand pounds of bread a day. The Basel 
Mission in South India has expanded until it now oper- 
ates half a dozen factories, employing many thousands 
of workers. The Igorot Exchange in the Philippines is 
the outgrowth of the Protestant Episcopal Mission's in- 
dustrial work at Sagada. 

One of the most romantic developments of this sort 
has taken place in Siam in recent years. H. S. Vincent, 
a general missionary to Siam, discovered that there was 
a great deal of hookworm among the Siamese, a disease 
whose germs are supposed to be communicated from the 
earth. It occurred to Vincent that if the Siamese wore 
shoes it might help to prevent infection. But the art of 
making shoes was not known in Siam. There were hides 
enough, but how to tan them properly no one seemed to 
know. " Now if only I had lodged with Simon, a tan- 
ner," said Vincent to himself, " I might have learned 
some of the tricks of the trade. But no one else seems 
to know any more about it than I do; so I think I will 
just make it my business to learn. It will be a useful 
industry to introduce among these people, anyway, and 
it may help some of them if we can get them to wear a 
bit of leather between their feet and the ground." 



54 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

A secretary of his mission board thus tells the rest of 
the story: 

While on furlough in America, after careful search he 
consulted some Christian business men telling them of 
his purpose, but of his absolute ignorance of the process 
of tanning leather. The firm took interest in the young 
missionary, gave him full written instructions, furnished 
him with proper material, and with grave misgivings 
started him with his problem of industrial mission activi- 
ties. The work began with two tubs and a few knives. 
This was the entire equipment, plus the written in- 
struction, the zeal, foresight, and determination of the 
missionary. 

The result of the first year's work was the sale of a 
thousand dollars' worth of leather goods. At the first 
national exhibit of handicraft and education in Bangkok, 
December, 1913, special notice of the output of this 
school was given by His Majesty, the King of Siam. . . . 
The school has a standing order from the Siamese army 
for its total output. The shoes made in the shoe depart- 
ment are said to surpass anything purchased in America 
at three times the cost. 

The school had an exhibit at the great Exposition in 
San Francisco in 1915 which was most creditable. It is 
known all over Siam as a great industrial plant, but is 
also a great evangelistic force. 1 

III. TWO BLADES FOR ONE 

Most of what has been said about industry may be 
said of agri-culture. Indeed industrial mission work is 
often spoken of in broad enough terms to include agri- 
culture. But agriculture in the mission field claims a 
separate treatment because it has distinctive features and 
calls for a special technique, because of the present vast 
importance of its problems and because it affects directly 

1 By Hammer and Hand, A. W. Halsey, pp. 46-47. 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 55 

so large a bulk of the peoples of the mission world, fully 
three fourths of whom live in farming communities. 

Looked at from any angle — evangelistic, economic, 
social, educational, — there is nothing more practical be- 
ing attempted in missionary work today than what is 
being done in agricultural ways. Why should there ever 
be famine in China and India? There is labor enough, 
with six hundred and fifty million people living in the 
rural communities of those two countries. The soil is 
not unfriendly. Indeed it is very productive. The 
climate allows an agricultural year of twelve full months. 
In Africa and the Near East, in Malaysia and Latin 
America, and in the Pacific Islands the same is true — 
plenty of labor, plenty of broad acres ready to yield 
abundantly. Whoever can succeed in applying that man- 
power to the problem efficiently and in commanding those 
productive forces within the soil, that man is rendering 
an immense service to the entire nation in which he is at 
w r ork, and to the whole world as well. 

It is, naturally, a work that wins a ready appreciation 
in every land. Dr. L. H. Bailey, former Director and 
Dean of the College of Agriculture at Cornell University, 
said on returning from a visit to China: "You cannot 
Christianize the Chinese or any others independently of 
the every-day life of the people^ This the missionaries 
have learned. It is estimated that eighty-five per cent of 
the population of China is agricultural. The missionary 
who can aid the people in their farming will have a 
double hold." 

1. Every missionary in touch with rural life sees all 
this. A great many of them, though not technically in 
agricultural work, have tackled the problem up to the 



56 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

measure of their strength and skill. Having gone out in 
the name and in the spirit of Christ, they could do nothing 
less. They have given suggestions, sometimes accompa- 
nied by demonstrations, regarding the nature of crops 
the soil was best fitted to produce ; they have shown how 
the impoverished ground could be enriched or rested or 
given variety in the work it was expected to do; they 
have introduced new breeds of poultry and live-stock; 
they have imported seeds; they have taught lessons in 
irrigation; they have displaced the agricultural imple- 
ments that had been in use since Abraham's day by some 
of the simple, efficient Western implements. Many a 
missionary, up to his ears in evangelistic and educa- 
tional work, has found time to explain these things and 
present convincing evidence of their value in his own 
garden. Some of the largest missionary undertakings in 
agriculture, like those at Allahabad and Nanking, got 
their beginning when such men as Sam Higginbottom and 
Joseph Bailie, not agricultural missionaries at all, saw the 
need represented in some acute form, lepers in one case, 
famine refugees in the other, and started practical meth- 
ods to meet the situation. 

" The man who has plenty of fine peanuts and gives 
his neighbor none " may waste a good missionary oppor- 
tunity. Some years ago, a missionary in Western India 
gave some peanuts to an Indian Christian, explaining to 
him how peanuts are grown. Today, as a result, an im- 
portant peanut industry has developed in that district. 
Before the gospel came to the South Seas, arrowroot 
grew wild and was never gathered. The missionaries 
taught the natives how to dry it and prepare it for use, 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 57 

and it became one of their chief exports and brought 
wealth to the islands. 

Even in the far northern climate, where there is no 
farming, missionaries have attacked its frozen equivalent. 
In Alaska they have helped to introduce reindeer. 

Good roads are with us an ever-present problem in 
the country districts. This is desperately true in almost 
all foreign mission areas. The story of how a young 
Canadian, Andrew Thomson, bit into the problem in 
China has recently come to light. When he arrived at 
his post, Thomson thought of his work as evangelistic 
and never dreamed of tackling roads. But the distress 
caused by severe floods in North China three years ago 
was particularly acute in the district in which he was at 
work. Thomson considered that it would be possible to 
perform a distinctly Christian service by having a new 
road built between the cities of Tao K'ou and Hwa, 
partly in order to replace the old road which was an un- 
usually bad one and partly to provide work for the needy 
men from the flood districts. The consent of the man- 
darins of the two counties concerned was first secured. 
Then under Mr. Thomson's direction fifteen hundred 
people were employed for the construction of the new 
road at wages sufficient to support their families. The 
result was a good road, many lives saved, the gratitude 
of large communities, and a permanent arrangement for 
the maintenance of the road, all expenditures to be made 
under Mr. Thomson's direction. The gospel was pre- 
sented to the laborers in season and out of season. The 
wealthiest man in Tao K'ou City asked Thomson if, after 
the road was built, he would teach him and his friends 



58 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

the gospel if they would come to his house once a week ; 
for he recognized that the religion that put it into the 
heart of the foreigner to spend so much money to build a 
road and save people from starvation was worth know- 
ing, and he wanted to learn more about such a faith. 

2. A large part of the expert direction which, happily, 
is now being given by missionaries to the development of 
agriculture goes out from the schools and colleges. 
Young enterprises, like the one which is being developed 
at Yenshow, West China, teach not only arts and crafts 
but soil chemistry, animal husbandry, dairying, horticul- 
ture, and other agricultural branches. On his last fur- 
lough, the missionary in charge, Mr. H. S. Soper, took 
special courses at the Ontario Agricultural College, 
Hampton Institute, and other institutions in several 
branches, including chicken-raising, bee-keeping, septic 
tanks, greenhouse construction, and wheelwrighting. 

The Sangli Industrial and Agricultural School in India 
has gained such an influence in the community that at 
the Commencement in 1917 the Governor of Bombay 
visited it. At the cattle show which he attended, the 
school won the second prize in an oxen test. Dozens of 
pairs of oxen were tried out, many of them being much 
heavier than those sent by the school. An account of 
the event states : " When our pair put their necks to the 
yoke, they pulled the great load without a murmur, while 
the Indian onlookers behaved like rooters in the ninth 
inning of a baseball game with the score a tie, two down, 
two strikes, and a home run." 

Some of the agricultural training given in mission 
lands is of college grade, and its influence is reaching out 
in ever-widening circles. One of the most influential is 





These crops of fodder were raised on the same field within a hun- 
dred yards of each other and at the same expense for cultivation. 
One received ordinary attention under Indian methods; the other, 
Sam Higginbottom's attention under modern methods. 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 59 

the Agricultural College at Lavras, Brazil, of which 
Mr. B. H. Hunnicut is Principal. Its curriculum cor- 
responds to those of similar colleges in the United States 
and Canada. At the request of the Brazilian Govern- 
ment, Mr. Hunnicut has recently been buying horses in 
the United States for breeding purposes in Brazil. It is 
interesting to know that he has been given passes on the 
Brazilian Steamship Company and travels over Brazil as 
a guest of the Government. Under his direction the first 
commercial exposition for that nation was organized. 
To arouse interest in better crops, he directed the mak- 
ing of moving pictures. 

The work of the Agriculture Institute in Allahabad is 
so well known as to call merely for a passing mention. 
From his efforts in gardening in a leper colony, Sam 
Higginbottom has developed an agricultural institution 
which, in point of influence, ranks among the foremost 
missionary enterprises of its kind in the world. It has 
claimed the attention of Indian men of affairs, and 
Mr. Higginbottom has been called in as agricultural ad- 
visor in high quarters. He and his colleagues have, at 
various times, served as directors of the agricultural 
development of several native states on request of their 
maharajahs. His college is like " a city set on a hill." 
All India looks to it. 

At the University of Nanking there is a College of 
Agriculture and Forestry, the outgrowth of Mr. Joseph 
Bailie's experiment in farm colonization for the sake of 
famine refugees. It has received official sanction and 
support from the Department of Agriculture and Com- 
merce in Peking and from the governors of five of the 
provinces of China. 



60 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

" College-bred Hogs and Super-hens " was the startling 
headline over an article which recently appeared in an 
American newspaper. The " college-bred hog " part of 
the story referred to the work of the professors in the 
Department of Agriculture of Canton Christian College, 
China, headed by George W. Groff. They have amazed 
the Chinese by the standards they have set, including 
those for the raising of hogs. The value of their sani- 
tary methods was proved recently when the lives of the 
campus pigs were saved, while an epidemic cut off thou- 
sands of others in the vicinity. This achievement in 
animal husbandry relates, of course, to only one of many 
branches of instruction and demonstration in the agri- 
cultural work of Canton Christian College. 

3. A few missionaries, outside of classrooms, are giv- 
ing their entire attention to agriculture. They belong to 
the regular staff in a mission station, acting as agricul- 
tural experts and advisors in a certain district; and the 
fame of their skill and achievements runs rapidly through 
the land. Some of the Basel Mission workers have served 
in this way in Africa and India. They have made dem- 
onstrations and introduced seeds and implements which 
have revolutionized farming methods in those sections. 
How great developments sometimes come from a seem- 
ingly trifling effort is illustrated by the missionary who 
planted a few cocoa beans in West Africa some years 
ago, with the result that cocoa is now developed there on 
a scale sufficient to produce large quantities for the mar- 
kets of the world. 

The " super-hens," in the newspaper article referred 
to above, redound to the credit of Arthur E. Slater, 
Mr. Slater is a cosmopolitan. He was born in India, edu- 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 6r 

cated in Canada, and sent out by an American board. 
He conducts a demonstration poultry farm in Etah, in 
the United Provinces, that point being chosen because it 
is a " mass movement center." Here some amazing birds 
are being bred. During the past six years the weight and 
size of the hens and eggs have doubled. Of course the 
price has gone up, too, but there is nothing in that fact 
to startle a Western reader. " Eggs produced by the 
better fowls are distributed in the villages for hatching, 
and thus flocks of excellent chickens are beginning to be 
seen in all the villages round about Etah. The enter- 
prise has the promise of bringing thousands of people to 
independence through the sale of eggs bigger and finer 
than the district has ever seen before. The eggs are 
brought to Etah and from there shipped to Delhi, Agra, 
Lucknow, and Cawnpore, where they are sold for a good 
price. The demand in the cities for these superlative 
eggs is tremendous, and the Etah district cannot begin 
to supply all that are needed." 

The critic who is out of sympathy with foreign mis- 
sions because he thinks they have a merely proselytizing 
errand, has never been at Slater's annual Poultry Show. 
He has never met Vincent or Thomson or Miss Corinna 
Shattuck, or any others in the large and noble list of mod- 
ern missionaries who are carrying Christ into the very 
pulsating, suffering center of life in the non-Christian 
world. 

IV. SMOKESTACKS ON THE SKYLINE 

As if this were not problem enough for the mission- 
ary, he finds himself obliged to work defensively for the 
industrial salvation of the more backward nations. He 



62 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

finds that while he has been standing beside native labor 
before the loom and lathe and anvil and out in the field, 
Western industries have been penetrating the cities of 
Asia and Africa and the Levant. Smokestacks have 
been appearing on the skyline among the domes and 
minarets and pagodas. The old peaceful pastoral era is 
giving place to the noise and stir of an industrial era. 
The coming of modern industry to the less progressive 
peoples should be a great boon to them. The missionary 
welcomes it as an agency of great developing power for 
the nation he is serving and as an ally in his work. 

But he does not welcome all that comes along with it. 
Unchristian industry is as heartless and conscienceless 
as unchristian commerce. It underpays its laborers, it 
overworks them, it exposes them to occupational acci- 
dents and diseases, it herds them up in abominable living 
quarters where moral as well as physical health is im- 
possible, it spares not the woman or the little child. We 
see enough of all this in our own industrial life to make 
us stand aghast. But how much worse must these evils 
be in lands where the value of the individual has not yet 
found its voice or measured its strength, where public 
conscience is largely dormant on the question, where 
legislation to grapple with the problem has scarcely be- 
gun, and where the native religions are impotent to deal 
with the issues of the modern world ! 

The missionary cannot step to one side in the face of 
the industrial evils that threaten the well-being of the 
people to whom he is devoting his life. His hat is in the 
ring. He raises his voice in protest against injustice and 
selfish disregard of human rights. After all, Jesus Christ 
holds the master key to solve the problems of industry 



IN FACTORY AND FIELD 63 

at home or abroad. Dr. A. L. Warnshuis, of China, says 
that, " just as fifty years ago the missionaries aimed to 
capture modern education in Asia, so now we of a later 
day should aim to Christianize the industrial development 
of Asia." 

The work we have been describing in this chapter is 
of a sort that can be shared by almost every missionary. 
What a thrill should come to any young man or woman 
with the prospect of having a hand in it! There is a 
dash of romance, a touch of adventure, a hint of hard- 
ship, a challenge of difficulty, a claim of need, an assur- 
ance of large productiveness in the vision that it spreads 
before us. The numbers now working at the task are 
few, far too few to cope with its possibilities and de- 
mands. Many more, if they are of the right stuff, are 
wanted at this moment. 

Not a great many men and women are needed to 
specialize in industry and agriculture; but for them the 
opportunity is most enticing. They must be men and 
women of a high order. Mr. Willoughby, writing out 
of his experience in Africa, tells of what sort they must 
be, as he closes his account of " Industrial Education 
Among Primitive Peoples " : 

Let us get down to what is more fundamental than 
craftsmanship and equally applicable to every mission 
field in the world. There is no room in industrial edu- 
cation for small people. There is no work in the field 
that requires a bigger type of man. Unless you know 
your business thoroughly, you are less useful in indus- 
trial missions than in America ; and America can hide 
your failure as the mission field never can. But even if 
you know your job, you may be a hindrance rather than 
a help. Can you use your technical training for molding 



64 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

men after a diviner pattern? for the making of men who 
will be the builders of a new civilization? Any pupil in 
your class is a possible leader of his tribe along the new 
paths that civilization is opening to it, — if you are big 
enough to handle him — especially the troublesome one. 
And the smallest of them is big enough to see whether 
you are a man or a marionette, and to treat you accord- 
ingly. If you are not a leader of men, stay where you 
can be a follower. If you are after dollars, don't touch 
this job. If you can't do without your electric toaster on 
the breakfast table, your iced drinks when the weather is 
hot, and the movies in the evening, stay where these 
things are. If you count the hours you spend in labor; 
if you define difficulty in terms of discouragement; if you 
cannot make something out of next-door-to-nothing; if 
you cannot find your way when you are alone; if you 
cannot find solitude in the midst of a crowd ; if there is 
much dislike of the unlike in your make-up ; if you think 
everything wrong that is not American; if you measure 
life by what people call " success/' — well, then pass this 
pamphlet on to a better man than yourself. It is not for 
you. You have only one life to invest; and though the 
men who are going over the top are much too few for 
the job they tackle, they would rather have you stay where 
you are than need a rescue party out there when they 
are too busy to attend to you. 

But if you have a competent knowledge of some suit- 
able craft; if your one ambition is to serve the Master- 
of-All-True-Servants by making men of those who will 
fail without you; if you have learned to be resourceful, 
self-reliant, reverent in handling men, patient with folk 
of feebler mentality, tolerant of those who cannot see 
through your eyes, avaricious of high-class work rather 
than reward ; and if you are able to sweep a floor to the 
glory of God, — why, you are the man we want, and we 
want you badly. And there isn't a city in America that 
offers a better investment for your life. 



Ill 

GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 

pRINCE FEISAL, son of the ruler of the new king- 
dom of the Hedjaz, in Arabia, said recently : "In a 

word, Christian education alone can give the leadership 

that will recreate Nearer Asia ; and the facts of the Near 

East prove that such leadership can so be developed." 
How near was the Moslem Prince to the truth when 

he said this? Did he perhaps hit the nail on the head? 

And would his statement apply to the Far East and to 

Africa and to Latin America? 
Every missionary is of necessity an educator. He is 

constantly bringing along new ideas, seeking to make 
them intelligible and to have them applied to life. That 
is why he went forth as a missionary. If he does not do 
a work of education every day he might better have 
stayed at home. He is, of course, not the only educator. 
There are others, such as commerce, travel, and the sec- 
ular press, to mention only three. Even the World War 
was a great schoolmaster to non-Christian peoples. But 
the missionary is their most thorough-going educator. 
And quite a large number of the missionary force are 
definitely classed as educational missionaries. 

It must never be supposed that the Christian worker 
abroad who specializes in education is any less a mis- 
sionary than the one who specializes in evangelism. For 
two reasons. First, because the gospel of Christ is for 
the entire man, mind and body as well as spirit. Second, 
because educational workers are not sent out unless the 
missionary spirit is their controlling motive. In other 

65 



66 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

words, the education they impart is an end in itself, a 
truly Christian end; but it is also a means to a larger 
end, the bringing in of the Kingdom of God. 

I. A PREDOMINANT FACTOR 

At the outset of our study we are faced with the 
extreme need of the non-Christian world to be educated. 
To put it in a word, the non-Christian world is ignorant 
and illiterate. It makes up the bulk of the eighty per 
cent of humanity that can neither read nor write. 

Setting out to meet the array of desperate needs aris- 
ing from such ignorance, the work of Christian educa- 
tion looms up at once as a predominant factor in the 
missionary scheme of things. It renders seven impor- 
tant lines of service. 

1. It is an evangelizing agency. Quite often it has 
been found that education furnishes the best approach 
for introducing Christian teaching. Often the school is 
the outrider of missionary effort. 

Here is a boy who has just entered a mission college 
in India. He has been brought up a strict Hindu and 
believes that it is a heinous sin to eat animal flesh. He 
begins a course in biology, and the teacher has him look 
through a powerful microscope at a drop of water. 

" Sahib, 5 ' he asks, " what are those specks moving 
about?" 

" Those," replies the teacher, " are animalculae, tiny 
living creatures." 

" Do you mean that they are little animals ? " 

" Just that." 

" Do you mean that when I take a drink of water I am 
really eating animal food and destroying animal life ? " 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 67 



"Why certainly. And since you have to drink, you 
have to destroy animal life and, as you say, eat it." 

" But my priest has told me that it is the blackest of 
sins and that I must never do that as long as I live. 
" Well, you won't live very long if you don't." 
At that moment there comes a rude shock, as a deeply 
implanted idea, absurd but religious, explodes in the 
boy's mind. Next day another is demolished, and next 
week a few more. And so the school goes on, by the 
gentle but powerful weapons of scientific knowledge un- 
dercutting superstition and breaking down the walls of 
defense against Christianity. Meanwhile, in the class- 
rooms Bible instruction is being given. 

But it goes further than this. Day in and day out, the 
mission school offers a continuous demonstration of the 
beauty and power of the Christian faith. It does this 
while the students are at the most impressionable age. 
It does it through the personal example of the teachers, 
through contacts on the athletic field and in school socie- 
ties, through the influence of the missionary home, 
through meetings with the students in their dormitories 
and hostels, through Bible classes, through the activities 
of the Y. M. C. A. or Y. W. C. A. The opportunities 
for personal work are unlimited in the schools, and edu- 
cational missionaries are alert to take advantage of them. 
Small wonder that many a boy and girl who later accept 
Christ take their first steps towards him while in the 
Christian school. 

And small wonder that many become open disciples of 
Christ while they are still in school. Subrahmanian was 
a Brahman boy of fifteen when he decided, while at- 
tending a Christian school at Negapatam, India, to follow 



68 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Christ. The " holy men " cursed him, his family dis- 
owned him, his father tore from his neck the sacred 
thread that marked his proud rank, and he became an 
outcaste. But he held to his new-found faith. The 
years pass and we find Subrahmanian a distinguished 
judge in Madras, one of the most influential leaders of 
the Indian Church and the first Indian Christian to have 
a place on the Legislative Council of the Presidency. 

A recent visitor to Canton Christian College was told 
that a short time previously one hundred and ten of the 
students had become Christians and that eighty-five per 
cent of the student body were already members of the 
Christian Church. The Shaowu Boys' School in Fukien, 
China, is only one of many institutions which can report 
that, without exception, every boy or girl who has left 
the school has gone away a Christian. 

2. It sends a leaven of Christian ideas out into the 
nation. It is interesting to note how the thinking of 
prominent men and women in national life, trained in 
mission schools but not professed Christians, is saturated 
with Christian principles, and how much their very lan- 
guage is tinctured with the phraseology of the Christian 
scriptures. A Japanese writer recently referred to the 
new content which Christianity had put into the language 
of his people, especially noting the new significance that 
had been given to their word for " God." Many of the 
students in these schools and colleges are drawn from 
the most influential families. Girls from the most aris- 
tocratic and prosperous homes in China are to be found 
in mission institutions. Several native princes have en- 
rolled under Professor Sam Higginbottom as students of 
agriculture in Allahabad. As these and other students 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 69 

scatter to positions of power and leadership in their na- 
tions year after year and decade after decade, how their 
influence must count for the quiet, pervasive spread of 
Christian ideals ! Often unknown to themselves, they are 
making a case for Christianity. Some of these men and 
women are out-and-out Christians, some are Christians 
at heart, practically all of them are distributing centers 
for Christian thought and are preparing a highway for 
the King in the life of their nations. 

3. It builds up a strong Christian constituency. The 
development of the Church in the mission field would be 
hopeless without the work of education. It is through 
this means that converts are enabled to read the Bible 
and other Christian literature and to interpret the full 
meaning of Christianity in terms of their own needs and 
the needs of the nation. It is the school that makes pos- 
sible a Church that is strong, intelligent, truly natural- 
ized, and a powerful factor in community and national 
life. The Christians of every mission land are far above 
the average of the social strata from which they have 
come, in literacy, intelligence, and standards of living. 

4. It provides a worthy leadership for the Church in 
the mission field. If the Church in any land is to come 
into its own, and if it is to be a really national Church 
and not a transplanted Occidental institution, it must be 
led by men and women of trained, alert, scholarly minds. 

5. It provides for contributions from many races to 
the world's understanding of Christianity. We should be 
paying a poor compliment to our religion if we claimed 
any sort of finality for our interpretations of it. It has 
breadth to which we have not extended. It has depth 
which we have not sounded. It is vastly greater than the 



7 o WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

most an Occidental can make of it. After all, it is histori- 
cally an Oriental religion. When the Moslem mind, 
turned Christian, emphasizes the transcendent greatness 
of God ; when the Hindu mind, possessed by Christ, em- 
phasizes his mystical ever-presence ; when the mind of 
China, under tribute to Christianity, magnifies its ethical 
quality ; when the mind of Africa enlisted for the service 
of God enriches the worship of his name; when all the 
ethnic minds of men bring in their offerings, only then 
will the full meaning and glory of Christianity be reached. 
But it is mainly through trained minds that these con- 
tributions are to be made. It is the Wise Men of the 
East, trained in their wisdom, who must again bring 
their gifts and lay them at the feet of Christ. 

6. It develops individual life. It brings emancipation 
from iron-bound custom and conservatism. It throws 
open the doors and windows of the mind to the true 
meaning of the realities of life. It means culture. It 
spells enrichment and fulness of living. All of this is not 
a by-product of Christian missions. It is part of the 
missionary errand to the backward peoples of the world. 
It has to do with the " life more abundant " which Christ 
came to bring. 

7. It lays foundations for social and national develop- 
ment. This is a part of the work of Christ which is to be 
done in every land to which his message is carried. Never 
was it so important as in these days of transition when 
the non-Christian nations are moving away from the old 
order. and are seeking new social ideals and structures and 
a new substantial basis for their national life. The ques- 
tion is so large and so important that we shall devote a 
later chapter to it. 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 71 

II. WALLS AND HALLS OF LEARNING 

"Halls of learning" is a nice familiar phrase, but it 
is not title enough for this part of the story. For while 
many educational plants consist of great impressive piles 
of buildings, substantial, well-appointed, and architectur- 
ally fine, there are many that could be called " halls of 
learning " only in the license of the poet or the valedic- 
torian. Some are enclosed in a room of a missionary's 
bungalow, and some, in the four walls of a mud building. 
We must, therefore, take account of " walls of learning." 
Indeed many schools, like the one Mrs. Joseph Clark 
started at Ikoko in Africa, are carried on under the shade 
of a friendly tree and have no problems of ventilation or 
janitors. 

Educational missions run a long gamut. At the farther 
end is post-graduate university instruction. Beginning at 
the nearer end there are the kindergartens. These schools 
are conducted much the same as with us, and the teachers 
are, of course, women. They represent a rather new and 
an interesting field of education in mission work and 
their possibilities both educationally and from the stand- 
point of reaching homes with Christian influence are al- 
most unlimited. The children come largely from the 
better educated and more well-to-do families. The kin- 
dergarten is so popular an institution that training schools 
for native kindergartners are being established in some 
places. 

Next in order comes the immense field of primary edu- 
cation. Just how immense it is may be gleaned from the 
fact that in mission schools of this grade 1,699,775 chil- 
dren are enrolled. 1 Fully nine tenths of all the children 

1 World Statistics of Christian Missions, p. 59. 



72 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

in mission institutions are in these primary schools. 
Many of the schools are, of course, quite primitive, but 
all are highly important. Dr. James L. Barton says they 
constitute the most important part of the whole educa- 
tional scheme in mission lands. 1 They also furnish an 
entree for the teachers, most of whom are women, into 
the homes of the pupils. They are attended usually by 
both boys and girls and are closely identified with and 
partially supported by the churches in the mission field. 
The subjects taught are much the same as in similar 
schools in Western lands, except that the practical ele- 
ment is more strongly emphasized. 

Higher up in the scale we come to the boarding-schools. 
These furnish a rare opportunity, through their continu- 
ous influence, for the development of character and 
preparation for service. " From these boarding-schools 
come the best and most trustworthy Christian leaders." 2 
Some of them do quite advanced work and prepare stu- 
dents for college. 

A fair example of schools of this type is the Harriet 
House Boarding School for Girls in Siam. It has re- 
ceived occasional gifts from the royal family ; it has much 
to do with the uplift of woman in Siam. The graduates 
of this school may be found teaching in government 
schools and at the head of several schools for girls which 
they have founded. The school might have several hun- 
dred pupils, instead of one hundred and thirty, if its 
buildings and teaching force were enlarged. 

Next in order comes the high school. In the boarding 
and high schools the curricula do not differ much from 

1 Educational Missions, p. 21. This book is the standard 
treatise on the subject. 

2 Educational Missions, p. 22. 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 73 



those in corresponding schools in the West, except that 
more stress is laid on vocational aspects. Many such 
institutions have an industrial department, partly for 
self-help and partly to train the students to help solve the 
economic problems of their races. In some cases, such 
as the secondary school of the Canton Christian Col- 
lege, there are both employment offices which help stu- 
dents to find work in the compound, for partial self- 
support, and a few endowed scholarships — either full or 
partial — for students who need and deserve this help. 

The majority of these schools, especially those having 
dormitories or hostels, boast a very attractive school life. 
An esprit de corps is developed, athletics are featured, the 
social element is much to the fore, and school activities 
are carried on by the boys or girls through their own 
societies. Y. M. C. A.s and Y. W. C. A.s are encouraged 
and some of the livest student Associations to be found 
anywhere are in the mission high schools and boarding- 
schools. Inter-school games and debates, school yells, 
glee clubs, literary societies, and other features of high 
school life in the West are becoming quite familiar in 
the Orient and in Moslem lands. Through these activi- 
ties and the Christian atmosphere and instruction of the 
school, marvelous developments in manners and habits, 
in character and disposition are noticed in the students. 

Away up in the north of India, in Kashmir, there is a 
city called Srinagar. To that city some thirty years ago 
a young English University man who had made his mark 
as an oarsman and a boxer came to take charge of a 
boarding-school for boys. It was a new work, and he 
was a new man. He started out with the odds against 
him. This is what Tyndale-Biscoe saw when he first 



74 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

stood before the crowd of young fellows whom he wanted 
to see fashioned into clean, virile Christian manhood : 1 

Some two hundred young men were squatting on the 
floor of a large hall, the dirtiest, shabbiest, sickliest crowd 
of weaklings the teacher had ever seen in all his ex- 
perience. 

Some of them looked as though they had never touched 
water in any or all of the myriad existences the Hindu 
supposes he has to pass through. Nearly all had the red 
smear of paint down their foreheads and the cord which 
marks the Brahman or sacred caste. Some were half- 
naked, bthers wore long trailing garments like night- 
gowns. Although the day was not cold, many were hug- 
ging charcoal firepots. 

All looked weary, hopeless, and bored with life, too 
vacant to trouble about anything intellectual, and too 
worn out to exert themselves physically. They looked as 
back-boneless as jelly-fish, and only energetic enough to 
scratch themselves. 

Here was a Brahman who looked with the utmost 
scorn upon the rest of the world and would not have 
lifted a finger to help a man of a lower caste or to pluck 
him out of the jaws of death. Here was another youth 
with a cunning, leering look upon his face, one who would 
steal and lie without a moment's compunction. Not one 
would have done an unselfish, chivalrous act for a woman 
or child. 

And that was his raw material. The young English- 
man took up the task with enthusiasm, lured by its very 
difficulty. He had a great faith in the power of Christ 
to transform character, and he had faith in the fine stuff 
that he knew must be hidden in those boys. A score and 
a half of years have passed, and that faith of his has won 
great victories. He has laid his own clean life down be- 

1 Yarns on Heroes of India, J. C. Wood, pp. 80-81. 



Educational missions run a long gamut. At one end of 
the scale there are kindergartens and primary schools, some 
of them having a wide-spreading tree for schoolroom; at the 
other, great union universities with departments of medi- 
cine, engineering, education, journalism, theology, agricul- 
ture, and forestry, all housed in modern structures. Every 
type of Christian educator is needed. 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 75 

side those boys, he has exhibited to them every day an 
Englishman's code of honor, he has taught them athletics 
and tramped with them, he has won their confidence, 
affection, and admiration. The miracle has happened and 
still continues in that school. A stream of boys has been 
going out from it into a wide area in all northern India 
with new ideas and new standards, — robust, keen, re- 
sourceful youths, alert to set good examples and to serve 
society. 

Another group of mission institutions is made up of 
normal schools. If it were only the expanding work of 
the mission schools that had to be considered, normal 
training institutions would be highly necessary. But the 
governments are rapidly developing their school systems. 
The East is determined to be educated. Some of the 
provinces of India are already beginning to put com- 
pulsory primary education into effect. The educational 
system of Siam is broad and vigorous. The dream of 
the New China is for a wholesale program of education, 
which, if it is effected, will call for a million teachers. 
Latin America and the Near East and Africa will shortly 
require a host of young men and women to man their 
government schools. How strategic a place all of these 
teachers will occupy ! Therefore, how strategic an effort 
it is to train the needed teachers under Christian 
auspices ! 

A good example of such schools is the Union Normal 
School of Chengtu, West China, which was organized in 
1915, with a registration of twenty-eight. The students 
practise in the " Dewey Practice School," located on the 
grounds of the normal school and in one of the largest 
government primary schools of the city. The " Goucher 



76 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Unit," consisting of four junior primary schools and one 
higher primary school, has been organized to furnish a 
model unit of primary schools and to provide further 
observation and practise for the students of the normal 
school. 

Technical institutions of many sorts are also to be 
found, and their tribe is due to increase. We have re- 
ferred already to industrial or self-help departments 
which are to be found in many high schools and colleges. 
From this, the technical institutions range all the way to 
elaborate agricultural and engineering departments in 
great Christian universities. We have already considered 
the question of agricultural and industrial training and 
have noted the increasingly important place which 
such forms of education are occupying in missionary 
education. 

We have also discussed medical schools and nurses' 
training schools, and mention them here only because 
they belong prominently in the scheme of Christian edu- 
cation in the mission field. Theological seminaries and 
Bible training schools are more fully discussed in a later 
chapter. 

It only remains now to consider the many Christian 
colleges and universities that are to be found throughout 
the mission world. One is fairly bewildered when one 
tries to grasp the magnitude, the variety, and the huge 
importance of this part of foreign missionary work. 

The colleges are not of even rank, to be sure. Some 
are new and some long established. Some are well-nigh 
indigent and some comparatively prosperous. Some have 
inadequate officers and teaching staffs and equipment, 
some are ably led and staffed and equipped. Some are 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 77 

housed in a single building, some spread their massive 
buildings over a large acreage. Just as in the West, not 
all are colleges that are called colleges, and some self- 
styled universities fail to bear out the name. But, speak- 
ing generally, they rank high, many being on a par with 
the best institutions of their class to be found anywhere 
in the world. And they are more nearly self-supporting 
than their sister institutions in the West. 

What has been said of the life and activities of high 
school students applies in the main to the college men 
and women. Here we shall merely point out three ten- 
dencies in the field of missionary higher education. 

1. There is an encouraging trend in the direction of 
higher education for women and girls. Until the mis- 
sionary came, they were practically deprived of any edu- 
cation whatever in all non-Christian lands. This state 
of affairs rested apparently on certain convictions held by 
the men-folk. First, women are incapable of being edu- 
cated. " If you cannot teach an intelligent horse to 
read," said a Chinese to a missionary, " what can you 
expect to do with a woman?" Second, they are not 
worth it. " Day and night, women must be kept in de- 
pendence by the males of their families." So says the 
sacred code of Manu to the Hindus. Third, it would be 
dangerous to let them have it. An old Mohammedan 
saying has put it thus : " As a knife in the hands of a 
monkey, so is education in the hands of a woman." 

How different things are today! Not only are girls 
receiving primary and secondary education, but they 
throng the halls of women's colleges which, under the 
influence of Christ's spirit, have been opened for them. 
The Christians of the West know how great is that need, 



78 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

not only in China, but in the entire mission world, and, in 
order to meet it, they are establishing Christian schools 
and colleges for girls. When woman will have been lifted 
to her full measure of dignity and power in the nations 
of the Nearer and Farther East, how deep will be her 
debt to institutions like Constantinople College, Isabella 
Thoburn College, the Woman's Christian College in 
Madras, Ginling College in Nanking, and the North 
China Woman's Union College in Peking! 

2. The day of specialization has arrived in higher edu- 
cation in the mission fields of the world, just as in 
Western universities. Pick up a catalog of, say, Shan- 
tung Christian University, and you might think you had 
in your hands a catalog of McGill or Toronto, of Yale 
or Leland Stanford, of Vanderbilt or the University of 
Wisconsin. Here you have a syllabus of The School of 
Arts and Science; a few pages along comes the School 
of Theology; then some pages farther on are the School 
of Medicine, the University Hospital, and The Training 
School for Nurses; and, finally, the Extension Depart- 
ment of the University. For each of these departments 
of instruction, highly trained specialists are necessary. 
President Edwin C. Jones of Fukien Union University 
names some of the specialized educators needed today in 
mission work as follows : mechanical, civil, and sanitary 
engineers, architects, agriculturists, musicians, educa- 
tionists, linguists, scientists — chemistry, physics, biology, 
etc., medicals, nurses, domestic scientists, political scien- 
tists. And the list might be extended. 

3. A third tendency is towards union enterprises in 
higher education. The value of this in efficiency, econ- 
omy, and inter-denominational morale is so obvious that 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 79 

one wonders there has ever been any other plan. And 
yet, how far the Church abroad is ahead of the Church 
at home in all matters of unity and cooperation ! At any 
rate, there is no better field for union undertakings than 
mission colleges and universities. Shantung Christian 
University, to which we have just referred, is but one of 
five such institutions in China. In the work of that 
University nine missionary societies — British, Canadian, 
American — are cooperating. And in other mission coun- 
tries there are many instances of similar united effort in 
higher education. 

Christian missionaries pioneered higher education in 
non-Christian lands. For some time they held a mo- 
nopoly of it, but gradually governments have entered the 
field and are pushing all grades of education with vigor. 
This fact does not argue for withdrawal of missionary 
effort. On the contrary, the work of Christian education 
is especially needed to offset the influences of the purely 
secular education of the government schools and col- 
leges. Even yet, nearly all the education that is to be had 
in Africa is offered by the Christian missionary. Fully 
a quarter of the students of college grade in India are in 
Christian institutions. Some one has said that you could 
almost write the history of education in India by writing 
the biographies of a few missionaries. The only college 
education available in West China is that given in a Chris- 
tian university. Almost all the high school education 
that is open to the girls of all China is in mission schools. 
And as for colleges for women, no land outside of Chris- 
tendom can boast of one, except those that are being 
maintained by Christians. This is a marvelous trust that 
God has committed to the hands of Western Christians, 



80 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

that so much of the leadership of the non-Christian peo- 
ples is held for a period of years under the influence of 
the Christian schools and colleges before taking up the 
solving of the problems and the guiding of the destinies 
of their nations. 

III. BEYOND THE CAMPUS 

By no means all of the education given by the mis- 
sionaries is confined to the classroom and the campus. 
Every contact into which the missionary comes with the 
people is an educational opportunity. There are three 
agencies in particular through which, without the medium 
of a school, instruction is widely given. 

1. One of these is literature. Not only the literature 
prepared for school or college use, but pamphlets and 
books translated or originally written for a great variety 
of purposes, from a picture card or a leaflet all the way to 
a complete copy of the Bible, all have great educational 
value. The next chapter is devoted to this subject. 

2. Another is the Christian home. It preaches the 
gospel, and it also promotes knowledge, — less vocally 
than some other methods, but no less effectively. The 
very contents of the missionary home — not the human 
contents, but the furniture, the dishes, the utensils, the 
pictures, the piano, the victrola — everything about the 
place is liable to be plastered with interrogation marks 
by a curious visitor. At least everything is a talking- 
point for education if the missionary cares so to use it 
It has already been shown that the home of the mission- 
ary may be an eloquent object-lesson in orderliness and 
cleanliness and hygienic efficiency and a very demonstra- 
tion center of household science. That is all part of its 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 81 

educative value. It is likewise a continuous display of 
Western notions of chivalry. 

3. A third agency having powerful educative value is 
that of lectures given to general audiences. Many mis- 
sionaries employ this as a method of public education, 
sometimes using lantern slides to illuminate the subject. 
These lectures have to do with a wide variety of themes 
covering religion, science, health, art, architecture, civics, 
agriculture, industries, and so forth. 

A striking illustration is offered by Professor C. H. 
Robertson, science expert and head of the lecture de- 
partment of the Y. M. C. A. in China. When he gave up 
his chair in the engineering faculty of Purdue Univer- 
sity in Indiana and became a missionary to China, it was 
with the hope that he might, through scientific lectures, 
form contacts of friendship and good- will with the edu- 
cated classes and help forward the great wave of reform 
and twentieth century progress in that country. All this 
he has done. He has become one of the best known and 
most richly admired men before the public eye of China. 
The highest officials honor him. He has been a personal 
friend of the three Presidents of the Republic of China. 
He has probably spoken to a larger number of educated 
people than any other visitor to the country has ever 
done. His addresses are called " Demonstrated Lec- 
tures," for he takes with him an elaborate electrical and 
mechanical apparatus, the equipment for each lecture 
being valued at about $2,000. The gyroscope and its 
applications, for example, is a favorite subject of his. 
Other subjects are the airship, wireless telegraphy, light, 
and public health. The lectures Professor Robertson has 
given have not only enlightened and thrilled and dumb- 



82 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

founded vast audiences from one end of the country to 
the other; they have also proved the starting point for 
popular educative movements of great significance. 

Professor Robertson is a missionary in every sense of 
the term. The purpose and results of his lectures fall 
within the missionary function of Christianity. More- 
over, the Christian spirit breathes in all his work, and 
he frequently gives Christian apologetic and even evan- 
gelistic addresses to close his lecture series. He is a tire- 
less personal worker and it was through his influence that 
Dr. Chang Po-ling, the greatest Chinese educator of 
North China, was brought to Christ 

Some of the most fascinating pages in the romance of 
missions have been written by missionary educators. A 
thousand interesting tales might be told of the work done 
by as many different teachers in the various mission 
fields. We must limit ourselves, however, to the single 
example of " Long Jim " Stewart of Lovedale, and his 
long furrow. 

An awkward, overgrown lad of fifteen or so was plow- 
ing one day in a field in Perthshire, Scotland. He could 
plow a straight furrow, but this day he was finding it hard 
to keep his mind on his job. The horses slackened their 
pace and finally came to a dead halt. But the boy seemed 
not to notice. He leaned on the handles of the plow still 
puzzling over the question of the use he would make 
of his life. At last he straightened up and said, " God 
helping me, I will be a foreign missionary. Giddap ! " 
He took a firm grip on the handles, and the horses moved 
on. From that day he never wavered in his purpose. In 
the world's great harvest field, James Stewart plowed a 
clean, straight furrow to the very end. 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 83 

He went up to Edinburgh University in due time and 
later to the University of St. Andrew's. Then he studied 
theology in New College, Edinburgh. He was not bril- 
liant, but he meant business, and his course was credit- 
able throughout. He had grown into a tall, straight fel- 
low of six feet, two — " Long Jim," they called him at 
college. But he was no less conspicuous for the impres- 
sion which his strong, clean, aggressive manhood made 
on his fellow-students. He had the natural qualities of 
a leader. 

He was deeply influenced by reading David Living- 
stone's travels and made up his mind that, God willing, 
he would follow in the steps of the great missionary- 
explorer. When Livingstone had been home on his first 
visit, he had thrown down this challenge to his country- 
men, " I have opened the door ; I leave it to you to see 
that no one closes it after me." Long Jim decided he 
would go out and hold the door open. 

He succeeded in forming an influential committee 
known as the New Central African Committee, " with a 
view to turning to practical account the discoveries of 
Livingstone, and to open a new mission in Central 
Africa." At last, in 1861, in the company of Mrs. Liv- 
ingstone, who was then returning, he sailed for .Africa. 
For two years he explored the field, pressing into a good 
deal of new territory, and sent back this message, " It can 
be accomplished." He returned to Scotland to give in- 
formation, get money and men, and secure a good home 
backing; then hurried out again to Africa to take up in 
earnest the great task to which he had devoted his life. 

His great aim was " to uplift the native by touching 
him at every point, instructing him in all the arts of civi- 



84 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

lized life, and fitting him for all Christian duties." He 
had very crude material to work on and a complex of 
difficulties such as few missionaries have had to over- 
come. His ideas took shape in the developing of an 
educational institution at Lovedale, near the eastern 
boundary of Cape Colony, as it was then known — though 
his heart seemed to be set on working farther up, in 
Nyasaland. The natives were living in savagery; they 
knew so little of industries that when given spades, they 
insisted on holding them by the business end and striking 
the earth with the handle. Stewart realized that any suit- 
able form of education for them must, not only im- 
plant knowledge, but include " a practical training of 
brain, eye, hand, and heart." In his imperial mind, Stew- 
art w r as ambitious for an intertribal, interchurch, and in- 
terstate university where the most gifted of the natives 
might receive an education that would fit them for the 
higher walks of life. But the fundamental need he saw 
was industrial training. The " Lovedale Method " at 
once began to take shape, experts were brought out from 
the homeland, and a " hive of industries " of many sorts 
developed. In addition to the usual branches that be- 
long to liberal education, farming, carpentry, wagon-mak- 
ing, blacksmithing, poultry-raising, bee-keeping, brick- 
making, shoe-making, and forestry all were taught ; music, 
#lso, and printing and telegraphy were added in time. 
Native girls were admitted and trained in the domestic 
arts. All the Protestant denominations at work in South 
Africa finally welcomed the institution and sent up for 
training some of their best boys and girls. 

The success of Lovedale became a byword and three 
years after he had begun work there, Stewart was called 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 85 

on to found another institution of the same sort at 
Blythswood in Fingoland. There were few Christians 
among the Fingo tribe, but when Stewart arrived, he 
found a great gathering of native men, women, and chil- 
dren, with the missionaries of the district ; and on a table 
out on the open veldt, where the meeting was held, there 
were piled about seven thousand dollars in silver. One 
of the orators of the day, an African, said, pointing to 
the money, " There are the stones ; now build." Stewart 
built. Soon there were roads, gardens, model farms, and 
a neat village. The school was planted beside the church, 
according to Stewart's method, and a second Lovedale 
came into being. 

While at home on a furlough, he was present at the 
burial of Livingstone in Westminster Abbey. It oc- 
curred to him that the best monument to the memory of 
the distinguished missionary would be the establishing of 
a mission in Nyasaland, which would be known as Liv- 
ingstonia and would be established on Lovedale lines. 
The idea took hold quickly, money was raised, and a 
medical missionary and four artisan missionaries made 
up the expedition, which was led by a naval officer loaned 
by the British Admiralty. They brought with them in 
sections a steamer, the llala, which was transported sixty 
miles by a thousand native carriers from the upper Zam- 
besi River to Lake Nyasa, where it was assembled and 
launched, a pioneer in its way, for it was the first steamer 
ever seen on an African lake. The men had been chosen, 
and all the plans laid by Mr. Stewart, though he could 
not join the party until a year later. But he did come 
then, and with him seventeen Europeans and four of his 
Lovedale students who had volunteered for the difficult 



85 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

pioneer work. The BIythswood experiment was repeated, 
and in fifteen months Stewart was able to return to his 
work at Lovedale. 

But Stewart was not done yet. In 1890 he established 
another similar mission — church, school, village, and 
farms in East Africa. It was called, " the last of his 
picturesque missionary enterprises." But at the age of 
sixty-eight, he offered his services to the General Assem- 
bly of his Church for new tasks of the kind, if only the 
Church would move forward to larger undertakings. It 
was to be one of the most hazardous and difficult of all 
his expeditions. All the perils that beset Livingstone 
were faced by Stewart. He was a frequent victim of the 
terrible African fevers that cut down the expeditions of 
the explorers and fill the missionaries' graves. He under- 
went the severest of hardships, — a missionary hero if 
ever there was one. But his constitution was of iron, and 
he came through it all with the utmost good humor and 
the quiet confidence of the man who is on God's errand. 
He wrote on one occasion, " The hardship, fatigue, fever, 
and hunger I have suffered are nothing in comparison 
with the end to be gained." He was in his seventy-fifth 
year when he came to the end of the furrow, and most 
of it had been through new, unbroken ground. 

James Stewart pioneered medical missions in several 
parts of Africa. He was a great preacher and evan- 
gelist. He was an author of parts. As an explorer, he 
has been likened to Livingstone. As a statesman, his 
name has been linked with that of Cecil Rhodes. But he 
stands out preeminently as an educator. Men have com- 
pared him in this connection with the great Alexander 
Duff of India. Lovedale, BIythswood, Livingstonia, the 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 87 

East Africa Mission, — these great institutions, wonderful 
in themselves and valuable as models which have been 
followed far and wide in foreign missionary work, are 
his monument. And what now would make the most 
appropriate inscription to write over a man of the many 
gifts and the varied achievements of this pioneer? Those 
who planned the simple tombstone that marks his grave 
at Lovedale covered all that could be suggested when 
they had chiselled in the marble these words, " James 
Stewart, Missionary." 

V. THE OPPORTUNITY OF THE HOUR 

From the opening of the first missionary schools, the 
work of education has been one long chapter of oppor- 
tunity invitingly presented and in the main faithfully 
improved. But sharper and still more alluring is today's 
opportunity than that which has been faced in any earlier 
day. 

1. First of all, there is the opportunity to rise to the 
widespread demands for Western education. Tradi- 
tionally the Orient has reverenced learning. Its peoples 
are struggling to work their way into modern, progressive 
nations, and they know that they cannot advance without 
education. 

2. There is the opportunity to meet new national re- 
quirements with appropriate instruction. The education 
that is given must be Orientalized in Asia and African- 
ized in Africa. 

3. This suggests the opportunity of setting the high- 
est standards of education. They have never been low 
in the mission schools and colleges of any nation. But 



88 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

■ ' ' — — — — — m. 

today, if they would set patterns for government systems 
of education, they must be scaled still higher. 

4. The opportunity to influence the nations of the East 
while they are in the plastic process of change is solem- 
nizing, because of its magnitude and because it is tran- 
sient. A new order is emerging. The dead past is being 
left to bury its dead, and the face of the Orient is set 
to the future. What an opportunity for the educational 
missionaries who are on the ground today and those who 
will go out tomorrow! 

5. We must not lose sight of the opportunity to provide 
instructors to cope with the great mass movements to- 
wards Christianity, the greatest of which is taking place 
in India. How can the Church take in these multitudes 
and make no provision for their instruction? Some mis- 
sionaries are gathering simple village folk, ignorant men 
and women, into temporary schools, teaching them for 
three months, sending them out to pass on to others what 
they have learned, and then calling them back for an- 
other three months of training, and so on. One can 
easily see how pitifully inadequate are such measures. 
The missionaries of one Church are sending back every 
year one hundred and fifty thousand outcastes who come 
up to be taught and baptized ; there is not a single person, 
foreign or Indian, who can be spared to instruct them. 
Unless we are prepared to have the doors of the great- 
est opportunity that has ever come in the missionary ex- 
pansion of the Church shut in our faces, never to be 
opened again, we must hasten to multiply Indian Chris- 
tian teachers. 

6. Then there is the opportunity of promoting a better 
understanding between East and West. As the contacts 



GATEWAYS TO THE MIND 89 

multiply between the races, so do the points of possible 
friction. Who will mediate? 

Now, as always, only perhaps more significantly than 
ever today, there is the opportunity of the Christian 
school and college to touch life at its most impressionable 
stage, to mold character, to display the kindliness and 
serviceableness of Christianity, to reach the homes of the 
students, to leaven national thought, to develop a public 
conscience for social reform, and to lay foundations for 
the whole superstructure of the Church in the mission 
field. 

How far from the mark, after all, was Prince Feisal 
in what he said about Christian education in mission 
lands ? 



IV 

THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 

/^LOSELY after education there follows the work of 
providing a Christian literature for the people of 
mission lands. Each of these undertakings is the com- 
plement of the other. It would be a piece of folly to 
furnish an elaborate literature if the people for whom 
it is intended were not made capable of reading it. It 
would be a folly just as great to make them literate and 
eager for knowledge and then not supply them with 
things to read. It would leave the mind " all dressed 
up, with no place to go/' Dr. J. P. Jones, of India, de- 
clared this work to be " the highest branch upon the 
missionary tree, and will become the most fruitful and 
possessed of the most valuable fruit if the enterprise is 
properly conducted." 

I. PRODUCING THE WORLD'S BEST SELLER 

The Bible is the world's "best seller." In the year 
1919 thirty-five million copies of the entire Bible, or 
parts of it, were turned out of the presses in various 
countries. What novel, whether the craze of the hour 
or a classic work of fiction, what other book of any sort 
racing through a score of editions could compete with 
that record? The popularity of the Bible is well-nigh 
universal. Canada buys more copies of it than of any 
other book. So do the United States and Great Britain, 
So do China and other non-Christian nations. 

1. Fundamental importance of Bible translation. The 
first and foremost missionary duty is the translation of 

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THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 91 

the Christian Scriptures. Mrs. Helen Barrett Mont- 
gomery says that Bible translation is " the most fruitful 
accomplishment of the nineteenth century." Most of all 
has this been true of the missionary developments of the 
last century. 

We speak of the countries around the eastern end of 
the Mediterranean as " Bible lands." In a sense they 
are. But in a fuller sense Britain and her colonies, the 
United States, and the countries of Protestant Europe 
are Bible lands. These nations in full possession and 
free use of the Christian Scriptures are, in a sense, their 
trustees and distributing bases. Mr. Joseph Choate 
claims that " it is the great destiny of England and Amer- 
ica to carry the Bible to the earth's remotest bounds." 

2. The work already done. The great majority of the 
world's population now have the Bible in their own 
tongues. The opening of the nineteenth century found 
the Bible translated into twenty-eight languages. Today 
456 of the world's languages have received the written 
Word of God. The Bible complete is in 112 of these 
languages, the New Testament in about the same number, 
and one or more books of the Bible in the remainder. 
One can hardly conceive what a herculean task this work 
of translation represents. It means a thorough mastery 
of the spoken language to begin with; then, in a great 
many cases, it involves the reducing of the language to 
writing; after that comes the long, back-breaking grind 
of rendering the words of the Bible into the vernacular, 
in accurate and dignified, yet simple and idiomatic terms. 

Very often the first missionary to enter a language area 
is faced with the necessity of this translation. Robert 
Morrison, the pioneer missionary to China, translated 



g 2 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

the Bible into Chinese. Judson translated it into Bur- 
mese ; Hepburn, Brown, and Green, into Japanese ; James 
Chalmers, into one of the languages of New Guinea. 
Robert Moffatt gave it to the people of Bechuana; and 
Pilkington, to the Baganda. The list might be vastly ex- 
tended, and the task of even enumerating those who have 
made revisions of the work of those earlier missionaries 
would be almost hopeless. 

What the world owes to these great men of letters can 
never be told. The very by-products of their work, the 
contribution to linguistic knowledge, the production of 
grammars and dictionaries, the unfolding of the capaci- 
ties of a multitude of languages, the mental activity and 
enlarged outlook on life that always follows in the wake 
of the Bible, the stimulus to literature have been price- 
less. But their eyes were fixed on a greater goal, the 
revealing of God to men. " Now let me burn out for 
God," cried Henry Martyn, when he reached Persia after 
his long, painful journey. He threw himself feverishly 
into the further study of Persian and then began his work 
of translation. It was a race against death, for he knew 
that the hand of a fatal illness was on him. In seven 
months he finished the New Testament, gave three 
months more to making beautiful copies of it, and then 
burned out. But the lamp of Christian literature that 
he lighted is shining still and showing Persia the way 
to God. 

3. The unfinished task. But the end of Bible transla- 
tion is not yet. Many revisions of existing versions are 
needed, such as the one now being made in Korea. As 
time goes on this need will become more apparent. Out 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 93 

of the 456 languages into which some part of the Bible 
has been translated, 344 have yet to receive the complete 
Bible. Many other languages not only await the Bible, 
but must first be reduced to writing. Especially is this 
true of Africa, which is a very Babel of tongues. A 
recent investigation discovered seven hundred different 
tribes and sub-tribes in equatorial Africa. " In most of 
their tongues, the first rudiments of translation work 
remain untouched." 1 

Pick up your own favorite copy of the Bible. It is a 
beautiful volume, and you are proud of it. Bound in 
genuine morocco, is it? Well, do not forget that there 
are very few Bibles in Morocco. Probably it is printed 
on India paper. But remember that nearly ninety-five 
per cent of the people of India are not able to read the 
Bible and that the majority of them have no one even to 
tell them its story. It is stitched with Japan silk. But 
keep in mind that two thirds of Japan's population have 
yet to hear the message of that precious book of yours. 

One special task may be mentioned, which is compara- 
tively simple, but which holds immense possibilities. 
China is adopting a new alphabet of thirty-nine phonetic 
symbols. A strong reason for the great illiteracy of the 
Chinese has been the staggering difficulty of mastering 
her thousands of ideographs, or Chinese characters. In 
adopting this simplified alphabet, the Government of 
China has asked the Christian missionaries to promote 
its use through their seven thousand centers of work. 
They have leaped to the task. A woman missionary of 
the China Inland Mission has been set apart for the 

1 Uganda Notes, October, 1920, p. 156. 



94 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

preparation of textbooks. Hardly was her first primer 
ready when the Government of Shansi Province sent in 
an order for 2,500,000 copies. As soon as the Bible is 
translated from the Mandarin into the new script, mil- 
lions will be able to read it. The missionaries are bending 
every energy to instruct the Chinese Christians and are 
aiming at a Bible-reading Church, such as was possible 
for the Koreans because of their easy phonetic script. 

4. Work of the Bible societies. Bibles with us are 
plentiful and cheap. But at the beginning of the n: - 
teenth century, they were comparatively scarce and dear. 
In some parts of the United States and Protestant Can- 
ada as well as of the British Isles, they were hardly to 
be found. The difficulty which a little Welsh girl had 
in securing a copy after saving her pennies for years and 
then walking twenty-eight miles to a bookstore, led to the 
formation of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 
1799. The Society grew rapidly, many auxiliaries being 
established in Britain and on the Continent, and from it 
sprang two other societies of a similar sort, the National 
Bible Society of Scotland and the American Bible So- 
ciety, the latter society being formed in 1816. Agencies 
of the Societies are established in the various mission 
lands. 

In three ways help is given to the missionary forces by 
these Bible Societies. They help, financially and other- 
wise, in reducing languages to writing, in making trans- 
lations of the Bible or portions of it and in holding lin- 
guistic conferences. They publish the Scriptures free of 
cost to the missionary societies. They assist in the vari- 
ous means of distribution, such as sales centers and 
colportage. 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 95; 



II. FIFTY-SEVEN VARIETIES OF LITERATURE 

The Bible is by no means the only literature required 
by the mission field. In fact the range of material to be 
provided is almost as wide as the range of wholesome 
literature needed by Canada and the United States and 
much of it must be provided under missionary auspices. 
We shall mention four main divisions. 

1. Books, pamphlets, and tracts on the Christian re- 
ligion. For the persuasive presentation of the Christian 
faith, for the building up of Christian life, for the inter- 
pretation of the Bible, for the development of character, 
for the direction of worship, and for the work of 
Sunday Schools and other agencies of the Church, a vast 
amount of printed material is needed. 

First may be mentioned literature designed to explain 
Christianity to non-Christians. This runs all the way 
from simple leaflets such as are used extensively among 
Moslems and distributed at religious festivals in many 
lands, to treatises in book form for well-educated readers, 
like Farquhar's The Crown of Hinduism and Hogg's 
Christ's Message of the Kingdom. It includes also the 
important books prepared originally for a Western con- 
stituency, such as Simpson's The Fact of Christ and 
Fosdick's The Meaning of Faith, which has been trans- 
lated into seven or eight different languages. 

Books of devotion are greatly in demand and are 
eagerly read not only by Christians, but by many non- 
Christian Orientals. The mystical mind of India re- 
sponds quickly to Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ, 
and the books by Andrew Murray and S. D. Gordon. 

The literature of worship is much needed, especially 



96 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

prayer-books and hymn-books. Christianity is a religion 
of joy and of praise and has always found expression in 
song. One of the first provisions the missionary makes 
for new converts is the translation of some well-known 
Christian hymns. Some are to be found in hundreds of 
languages. 

As o'er each continent and island 
The dawn leads on another day, 

The voice of prayer is never silent 
Nor dies the strain of praise away. 

Better still, many Christian hymns are written by native 
pens and set to native music. 

The Church in the mission field needs a great deal of 
literature expounding the Christian Scriptures. For ex- 
ample, commentaries on the Bible are produced in various 
vernaculars, such as those prepared by Dr. J. J. Lucas 
in India, the one recently produced in Arabic on the Old 
Testament, and the one authorized by the various mission- 
ary bodies working in China. These are indispensable. 
Concordances, too, are needed, like the one prepared by 
the famous surgeon, Dr. George E. Post of Syria. 

The missionary finds it necessary to provide literature 
for the various agencies of the Church. With the help of 
the Bible and tract societies, he prepares Sunday School 
lessons, pictures, and teachers' helps. The World Sun- 
day School Association puts out a great deal of literature 
of this kind. The young people's societies also must have 
literature for their special use. Certain classes of 
workers, such as evangelists and teachers, profit by hav- 
ing their own specially prepared literature. McKee's 
Suggestions for the Evangelistic Campaign has been very 
useful in India. 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 97 

Christian books in story form are, of course, immensely 
popular. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress has been trans- 
lated into more than one hundred languages, including 
five languages of the Melanesian Islands. Sheldon's In 
His Steps has also had a wide sale. Other novels which 
have a Christian bearing like Polly anna and Ben Hur 
have caught the popular fancy. Many short stories, some 
translated, some original, are printed in leaflet form and 
are eagerly devoured. The parable was a favorite me- 
dium of our Lord's, and it is just as congenial to the Ori- 
ental mind today. A much wider use of the story, 
whether true or allegorical, as a means of presenting 
Christian truth is certain to be made in the future in 
all mission lands. 

Special literature is always desired for women and 
children; but as yet far too little has been done in this 
field, partly, perhaps, because so few women could read. 
What has been produced, however, has been highly useful 
and much appreciated. 

Mrs. Donald MacGillivray of China was speaking re- 
cently before an audience in Boston. Among other things 
she said that in all China there is only one picture book 
for children. " When she had finished speaking, she was 
asked what book she would choose above all others to 
make for Chinese children. Without hesitation she said 
a Child's Life of Jesus, Illustrated. As soon as the meet- 
ing was over, a lady hastened forward with her cheque- 
book in hand. ' It isn't necessary to pay for it now,' said 
Mrs. MacGillivray. ' It will take several months to 
secure the Chinese writer and an artist who will draw the 
pictures/ ' I might die on the way home,' insisted the 
lady, s and I want the privilege of publishing that life of 



98 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Jesus for little children/ The three hundred and fifty 
dollars which she gave compensated writer and artist and 
paid for the first edition of one thousand copies. The sale 
of the first edition will provide funds to issue the second 
edition." x 

There are other fields in which literature is needed for 
the Christian church in the mission field — catechisms, 
sermons, biography, Church history, ethics, missions, 
etc., but we do not dwell on these here. We must, how- 
ever, call attention to the growing demand for literature 
dealing with social service. Professor D. J. Fleming's 
writings for use in India, especially Social Study, Service, 
and Exhibits, have been most useful and furnish a good 
standard for this sort of literature in other mission fields. 

2. Christian periodicals and newspapers. Not a little 
of the Christian literature that is needed in the mission 
field can best be presented in periodical form. In this 
way a good deal that would otherwise have to come out as 
leaflets can be consolidated and preserved. Departments 
for children, for women, for daily devotions, and other 
features can be maintained. Current news of religious 
and general interest can be related while it is fresh. Reg- 
ular activities and special campaigns can be conveniently 
directed. Christian leaders of the language area that 
is served can exchange views. Like all forms of mission- 
ary work, the burden of editing and publishing such peri- 
odicals should be borne increasingly by leaders of the 
Church in the mission field. 

There are printed in mission lands a number of Chris- 
tian periodicals which are of much value both to the 

1 The Bible and Missions, Helen Barrett Montgomery, pp. 
219-20. This book contains an excellent survey of the subject 
treated in this section. 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 99 

leaders of tHe Church in those countries and also to stu- 
dents of missions in the West — periodicals like The 
Indian Witness, The Chinese Recorder, and The Japan 
Evangelist, Some magazines are designed for educated 
non-Christian readers, while others, such as The Chris- 
tian Patriot, published in English at Madras, are for the 
better educated Christian readers. The Indian Ladies' 
Magazine, edited by an Indian Christian woman, repre- 
sents "the climax of artistic taste and editorial skill 
among independent Christian magazines." 

The Christian daily newspaper has made its appear- 
ance, too, in mission lands. In 1921 Great Light Daily 
was established in China by leaders of the Chinese 
Church. Zululand boasts two Christian newspapers, 
Ikwesi and Ilange, printed, of course, in Zulu ; but most 
of the mission fields have no Christian newspaper. In 
the city of Madras, Theosophy has two daily newspapers, 
but Christianity has not even one in the whole of India. 

In Japan there has developed a new and rather spec- 
tacular form of Christian literature, issued in periodical 
form. A shrewd American missionary, Albertus Pieters, 
conceived the idea of using the Japanese daily press to 
convey Christian truth broadcast. Beginning in 1911 he 
put the idea into vigorous practise. First of all, he se- 
cured space, at advertising rates, in the ordinary secular 
press, utilizing this to put the elementary truths of the 
Christian religion before the public and to solicit further 
inquiry. All such inquiries were carefully followed up, 
with the result that not only were individuals converted, 
but numerous groups of such converts were established 
in places where there were neither missionaries nor Japa- 
nese evangelists. 



ioo WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

In one province alone — Oita, with an area of two 
thousand square miles, newspapers go to approximately 
one fifth of the homes. From this province more than 
seven thousand five hundred applications for information 
about Christianity have been received, one hundred and 
twenty persons have been led to profess Christ openly, 
and six or seven groups of these new believers hold 
services on Sunday without the presence of a minister. 

Not only is this the most rapid of evangelistic methods ; 
it is also the most economical. " In short, it offers at 
present our best hope of rapidly, effectively, economi- 
cally, and simultaneously bringing the gospel to the Japa- 
nese public. One fourth to one fifth of the population 
is directly accessible, and this one fourth is so distributed 
and so influential that to reach it is practically to reach 
the entire people." 1 

This method of newspaper and correspondence evan- 
gelism has been tried out successfully in Tokyo and other 
cities of Japan proper and Formosa. Under the direction 
of Dr. A. L. Warnshuis it has been begun in China, while 
Dr. Zwemer has started it in Egypt. Some newspapers 
are ready to insert articles, not as advertisements, but 
along with other contributed or selected material. " A 
Tokyo newspaper ran the Life of Christ in serial form a 
few years ago; and an Osaka newspaper ran two prize 
novels as serials. Both were by Christian writers, one 
of them dealing with the power of prayer." 2 

3. Textbooks for mission schools. One of the first 
necessities in literature faced by the missionary in a new 

1 For a full account of this plan, see Seven Years of News- 
paper Evangelism in Japan, which may be secured from the 
Association for Newspaper Evangelism, 25 East 22nd Street, 
New York City. 

2 The Bible and Missions, p. 213. 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 101 

field is material for the schools. All the many textbooks 
that go to make up the curriculum of the schools are an 
absolute necessity if education is to be given at all. The 
first missionaries in any field have found that if such 
books were to be had, they themselves would have to 
make them. To pioneer education means to prepare text- 
books. Even in cases where the governments of mission 
lands prepare such texts, these books are of a purely 
secular character, and consequently there is a responsi- 
bility upon the missionaries to provide a good many of 
the textbooks used in their own institutions. Many a 
missionary would be entitled to fame on the single ground 
of his achievements in producing such books. 

The task is enormous, particularly in view of the 
greatly diversified and highly technical nature of the 
broad modern education which the missionary is intro- 
ducing and developing. One of the greatest difficulties 
is the absence in the languages of the non-Christian world 
of a vocabulary for the different branches of education. 
Terms have to be created. Imagine the problem of Dr. 
Avison, of Korea, for example. While still carrying en 
his other work, he translated into the Korean language 
textbooks on pathology, diagnoses of diseases, skin dis- 
eases, bacteriology, surgery, advanced physiology, not to 
speak of other textbooks and technical writings which he 
found it necessary to produce. Think of the ingenuity 
and learning that would be required to evolve a technical 
lingo in these subjects for a people to whom many of 
the very ideas were new. So great is this difficulty, in 
China that there has developed a joint Committee on 
Terminology, representing various educational and sci- 
entific bodies and backed by the Chinese Government and 



102 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

the China Medical Board. This committee's work is to 
determine fixed universal forms for scientific terms. 

4. General literature. When we come to books and 
pamphlets which are not distinctly Christian, the scope 
of the literature needed is almost as broad as the range 
of classifications in our public libraries. The Board of 
Missionary Preparation has drawn up a list of the kinds 
of literature which missionaries should see are made 
available in their respective areas. 1 In addition to the 
varieties we have already mentioned, one finds in this list 
the following : history ; philosophical and scientific works 
— both technical and popular ; sociology — community bet- 
terment, etc.; works on reforms — temperance, purity, 
etc.; fiction and stories with a Christian tone; art and 
music; poetical works; medical literature — technical and 
popular, personal hygiene, sanitation, etc. 

Now it may be asked, why on earth should these hard- 
working missionaries trouble themselves to provide pam- 
phlets and books on history, poetry, art, and these other 
subjects? To this we would make four replies : 

(1) It is Christianity's business to satisfy the mental 
hunger it awakens. Life more abundant demands more 
and more literature. 

(2) It demonstrates that Christianity goes among the 
nations not to attack and demolish religions and customs, 
but to introduce constructive ideas and wholesome enter- 
prises, — that it is not in the wrecking, but in the building 
business. 

(3) Much of this literature is necessary if the Chris- 
tian churches are to become strong, intellectual, and self- 

1 The Preparation of Missionaries for Literary Work, pp. 

IQ-II. 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 103 

reliant and lead in moral and social reforms in their 
nations. 

(4) It is a counter-irritant for the antichristian propa- 
ganda and the immoral literature that is pouring into the 
East and is being pressed on the population as fast as the 
missionary and other agencies can produce readers. 

III. THE PARTS OF THE MACHINE 

All that has been said thus far will suggest that the 
plan of producing Christian literature and putting it into 
the hands of the people in all lands must be a dreadfully 
complicated business. But really the mechanism is fairly 
simple. To see how this vast work is being done, let us 
take the machine apart. It is in four sections : Supervi- 
sion, Authorship, Publication, and Distribution. 

1. Supervision. Literature is a branch of missionary 
effort that lends itself easily to duplication of effort and 
wastage of time and money and personnel. In order to 
avoid the multiplying of presses and the scattering 
throughout single language areas of many books and 
tracts and periodicals of the same sort, Christian litera- 
ture societies have been established in the great mission 
fields to serve the needs of all bodies. 

Back of these large movements in individual mission 
fields, we see looming up a yet larger agency. At the 
World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh in 1910 
there was formed a Committee on Christian Literature, 
with European and North American sections. This com- 
mittee, under the efficient chairmanship of Dr. John H. 
Ritson, has been striving to coordinate the literature pro- 
jects and methods in all mission lands and to impress 



io 4 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

upon home churches the importance of Christian litera- 
ture in mission fields. The work of this committee is 
now being transferred to a department of the new Inter- 
national Missionary Committee, which will seek to har- 
monize and unify various forms of foreign missionary 
effort, including literature. Under the counsel of this 
central body, the denominational and national movements 
will tend to consolidate their presses, their publication 
programs, and their literary specialists. 

2. Authorship. In the matter of books that need not 
be translated but only transferred to mission lands, the 
questior of authorship takes care of itself. 

But, as we have seen, there is a vast amount of litera- 
ture that must be either translated or newly created. 
Sometimes the missionaries who do this are Hobson's 
choices, being the only workers in a new field. Some- 
times, because of their abilities, they are specially de- 
tailed to devote all or part of their time to literary work. 
Dr. Ritson says that no missionary society working in 
China has failed to contribute writers in Chinese and 
English. A list of the major translations made by a 
medical missionary, Dr. W. E. Macklin of Nanking, in- 
cludes eighteen titles, among them Motley's Rise of the 
Dutch Republic, Green's History of the English People, 
Henry George's Progress and Poverty, Tarbell's History 
of the Standard Oil Company, Henry Ford's Little 
White Slaver, and biographies of Wyclif, John Wesley, 
and Thomas Jefferson. The Young Men's Christian 
Association has set apart some of its most talented mis- 
sionaries for literary work, men like J. N. Farquhar, 
Kenneth J. Saunders, and the late Howard A. Walter in 
India, and D. Willard Lyon in China. 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE ic 5 

The missionary societies are eager to swell the ranks 
of these literary specialists. Here and there among their 
candidates are college men and women with an evident 
skill in writing. They are being encouraged to develop 
this ability through special courses and through practise, 
with a view to their giving themselves mainly to literary 
work, should that be deemed wise after they have worked 
for some time on the mission field. 

In the long run, though, the work of Christian litera- 
ture in mission lands will be done mainly by their own 
sons and daughters. Some of them already have made 
notable contributions, while much of the work produced 
by missionaries would not have been possible without 
native collaboration. There is unlimited talent there, 
either ready or else waiting to be trained and trusted, 
for the production of a great deal of indigenous Chris- 
tian literature. Nations that can produce Liang Chi 
Chao, the most popular writer in China, and Tagore, 
idolized throughout India and famed abroad, have gen- 
uine literary capacities. In these and other non-Christian 
lands, Christ has followers whose gifts in literature have 
been consecrated to him, — men like H. L. Zia, the grace- 
ful, lucid writer of prose both in English and Chinese, 
and N. V. Tilak, the sweet singer of India, both of them 
recently removed to higher service, Mrs. S. Satthiana- 
dhan, editor of the first magazine for women in Asia, 
and Col. Yamamora, of the Salvation Army, whose 
Gospel for the Common People has been sold to sixty 
thousand Japanese. Many of the graduates of mission 
colleges are finding their careers in literature or in the 
work of publishing houses and so are helping in the 
spread of Christian ideas. Others are qualifying now for 



io6 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

a life-work in Christian literature. Journalism and lit- 
erary expression are being taught in many of the Chris- 
tian classrooms of the East. Surely the discovery and 
training of native talent in literature is one of the most 
productive tasks of the Christian missionary today. 

3. Publication* Thus far we have considered only the 
completed manuscripts as they have left the hands of 
their authors. How is this material to find printed form ? 

If you should go into the buildings of the Commercial 
Press, Limited, in Shanghai, you might be introduced to 
Mr. Fong Sec, that splendid Christian Chinese layman 
who is its head. You might, if you had plenty of time, 
be shown all over the immense plant, the largest of its 
kind in Asia, see its massive up-to-date machinery, mar- 
vel at the smooth efficiency with which all the work is 
done, learn of the scope of the output, which includes 
two thirds of China's textbooks, notice the clean, sani- 
tary condition of the buildings, and get a glimpse of the 
progressive welfare work which is done for the hundreds 
of employees — a work that is equalled by few concerns 
in the West. Theri you would want to be taken back to 
Mr. Fong Sec to congratulate him and express your ad- 
miration. " Thank you very much/' he would reply, 
" but do you know how this plant started ? It was 
founded by a few Christian Chinese who learned the 
business in the Shanghai Presbyterian Press." You 
could leave the building feeling that you had seen the 
finest commercial printing house in the entire mission 
world. N< ^|pN* *" 

It is in plants like this, commercial houses and mis- 
sion presses, that Christian literature is printed and 
bound on the mission field. Most of the mission presses 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 107 

are quite small, but some are of large proportions. Some 
are union enterprises in which two or more societies 
share. The Nile Mission Press at Cairo is a rapidly 
growing center of distribution for Christian literature 
throughout the entire Moslem world. Its latest report 
lists over three hundred publications. There are sixty- 
four mission presses in India, sixty-two in Africa, thirty 
in China, not to mention other mission countries. 

To cover adequately the whole range of Christian lit- 
erature on the mission field, workers of gifts and train- 
ing far different from those of authors are required. 
Practical printers are needed; men who know the tech- 
nique of bookbinding are needed ; business managers, ex- 
pert in office and sales management are needed; also 
bookkeepers and stenographers. 

4. Distribution. We now have our Christian litera- 
ture written, revised, set up, proof-read, printed, and 
bound. The next part of the process is getting it into the 
hands of the people. Some of it goes out naturally 
through the book trade. But there is no such thing as 
a book trade in most mission lands, and where there is 
such, the literature is mostly books of a general char- 
acter ; so that this avenue accounts for only a small frac- 
tion of the literature that is distributed. 

Another means of distribution is the book depots or 
depositories, which are maintained at various centers by 
the book and tract societies. These are indispensable as 
convenient centers from which missionary workers may 
secure their needed supplies of literature. 

Colporteurs and Bible women have been called " trav- 
eling book depots." There are not words to describe 
the faithfulness or recount the successes of these self- 



108 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

forgetting, patient, plodding, and often resourceful men 
and women. In the busiest bazaars, along the wayside, 
in remote villages, at heathen shrines and festivals, and 
on the very rim of forbidden lands these tireless workers 
are loyally at their appointed tasks. 

The Nile Mission Press makes extensive use of col- 
porteurs. Mr. Archibald Forder, well known for his 
pioneering work in Arabia, has recently joined the staff, 
with headquarters at Jerusalem. There he will oversee 
the bookshop and superintend the colportage work. 

But it is the missionaries who are the chief distributors 
of Christian literature. In their stations many of them 
keep supplies of Bibles and certain tracts and samples of 
other printed material. They see that their native fellow- 
workers are alert for the distribution of this literature, 
and they improve their own opportunities, especially in 
their itinerating work, to promote its circulation. 

In spite of the generosity of the Bible Societies and 
the various tract and literature societies, this work is not 
self-supporting. It cannot be. The expenses are very 
heavy, the prices charged are very low — often represent- 
ing the bare cost of publishing or even less — and, al- 
though it is a general rule to sell rather than to give 
away, a good deal of literature is of necessity distributed 
without charge. The money to finance this work comes 
from grants from the various missionary societies. A 
more richly productive investment of missionary funds 
could hardly be made than a gift for Christian literature. 

IV. THE PRINTED PAGE SCORES SIX 

There is neither time nor desire for rivalry in the 
mission field. However, let us see what there is about 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE 10$ 

literary work which makes it distinctive and gives it a 
prior place for the attaining of certain missionary ends. 

1. It commands a sustained, intensive hearing of the 
gospel. One may listen to a sermon or to the conversa- 
tion of a Christian witness and be unable afterwards to 
recall what was said. The exit door of the attention 
often stands as wide open as the entrance door when one 
is listening. But when the message is there, in a book in 
one's possession, to refer to day after day, and to ponder 
night after night, one is not at the mercy of distraction 
or a short memory. 

Take the case of Syngman Rhee. He had been ac- 
cused of being a revolutionary and had been thrown into 
prison by the Korean Government. In his unspeakable 
sufferings and deprivations he had longed for the peace 
of God. He had heard many Christian sermons, he had 
studied in a mission school, but he could not recall all 
he wanted to know of the way of life. A New Testa- 
ment was smuggled into the prison and there, bound and 
with his feet in the stocks, he would have a fellow- 
prisoner hold the book open before him, while another 
mounted guard to warn of the keeper's approach. Rhee 
was converted. He began to witness to those around 
him, and several of the prisoners were converted also. 
Even the jailer asked, "What must I do to be saved?" 
like the Philippian jailer of old, and he too believed. 
When Rhee was moved into better quarters, he formed 
a class of thirteen boys and taught them to read, then 
a class of forty adults, including the jailer. One long- 
continued revival went on in the prison. 1 

1 A fuller account of Syngman Rhee may be found in Com- 
rades in Service, by Margaret E. Burton. 



no WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

2. It is mobile and ubiquitous. It goes broadcast. It 
finds its way where no missionary or colporteur can go. 
It will penetrate forbidden territory. It is the greatest 
pioneer known in the missionary enterprise. It entered 
Korea before the first missionary went in. Its entrance 
is giving light in Tibet and Afghanistan. No missionary 
or Korean Christian worker could have reached Syngman 
Rhee in that prison. 

A student at Waseda University in Japan, who had 
never been inside a Christian church, bought a Testament 
and through it found Christ. He wrote a book telling of 
what the Christian faith had meant to him and the vol- 
ume has been read by tens of thousands of Japanese. 
Similar instances without number might be related of the 
influence of the written Word on those to whom the 
spoken Word had not come or who had not been led to a 
Christian decision. 

Here and there in mission lands there are villages and 
cities which have Christian communities, with their 
churches and regular services, but into which no Chris- 
tian worker has ever gone. Some man or woman has 
brought in a Testament or even a Gospel portion, re- 
ceived perhaps in a Christian dispensary or from a Bible 
woman or colporteur, and it has proved the power of 
God unto salvation to many. 

3. It does for the growing Christian community what 
no other agency can do so well. To be sure, the members 
of the churches are built up through services and through 
service. But even to guide them in worship and in 
service they must have appropriate literature. For their 
home needs they require it. For personal growth in char- 
acter and fellowship with Christ they cannot do without 



THE ROMANCE OF THE PRINTED PAGE in 

it. And they need it — we say again — to satisfy their 
hunger for general knowledge and to direct the thought 
activity which has been awakened within them since they 
have come into the Christian faith. They are entitled 
to know the progressive interpretation of the Christian 
religion which has developed in the historic Church from 
the time of the apostles and early Fathers down to the 
most modern conclusions of consecrated scholarship. 

4. It protects the investment in other forms of mis- 
sionary work. It follows up the work of evangelism and 
it reinforces the work of education. It carries on in the 
work of medicine. When the rules of health are set 
down in printed articles or leaflets on diet, on the care 
of children, on the perils of infection through flies and 
other carriers, on first aid and kindred subjects, the whole 
reading public has a permanent possession of the prin- 
ciples of sanitation and hygiene. It is necessary in the 
realm of agriculture. When Sam Higginbottom puts out 
his leaflets on " Silos and Trenching," the instruction 
reaches multitudes far from his exhibits and fields and 
classrooms, and in a permanent form as well. The Y. M. 
C. A. and Y. W. C. A. are touching the lives of hosts of 
young people; but their printed messages are like long 
arms reaching far out to a myriad people who never saw 
an Association building. At the same time they are mak- 
ing solid and substantial the foundations of this great 
work in the mission field. 

5. It deeply penetrates the national mind. All the 
other forms of missionary work are sending their leaven- 
ing influence throughout the nations. But the books and 
leaflets, the periodicals, and also the Christian messages 
that are now beginning to appear in the secular press of 
the Orient have a peculiar pervasive power disturbing 



ii2 V/ORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

self-satisfied serenity and arousing noble dissatisfactions 
and longings. There is a quiet, steady force for social 
responsibility and the finest patriotism in the far-ranging 
literature produced by the Christian missionary, and this 
is breaking down prejudices and preparing the way for a 
wide acceptance of Christ. 

6. It tends to discount and displace unwholesome lit- 
erature. It has been pointed out already that certain 
non-Christian faiths are now putting out an extensive 
propaganda in literature-making, in the case of some, a 
last stand. Theosophy and rationalism and atheism are 
everywhere in the field with tons of their best literature. 
Immoral novels, many of which would not be allowed 
in the mails of Canada or the United States, are scattered 
throughout the bookstalls of the East. They are being 
read and read widely. Christianity must start backfires 
everywhere in the form of interesting, good-appearing 
literature, which is also decent and inspiring and tends 
Christward. The Christian literature already on the 
ground is efficient, but not sufficient. 

To the young man or woman of even average literary 
talent and aspiration there is an opportunity for world 
service in the field of Christian literature which intrigues 
the imagination. Who would be content in the face of 
it to employ that talent and gratify that aspiration in 
writing poems or articles or books and then, if one could 
carry them past the editorial defenses of the publishing 
houses, in laying them down upon a public that has more 
poetry and books than it knows what to do with! The 
lands that are waiting for Christ are waiting for litera- 
ture and for the men and women who in God's own time 
can produce it. 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 

| HE planter is a very ubiquitous specimen in non- 
Christian lands, very interesting and very useful. 
You will find one or more on almost every steamer sailing 
to Asiatic or African or Latin- American ports ; you will 
meet them in the hotels of the port cities ; you will come 
upon them far out in the districts,— planters of rubber, 
planters of tea, of rice, of cotton, of wheat, of fruits 
galore, all sorts of planters. But they have no monopoly 
of planting in those lands. For the greatest planting 
that is done there is the planting of the Church of the 
Living Christ, and the planters extraordinary are the mis- 
sionaries. That is mainly why they are there; for the 
chief object of the missionary enterprise is the estab- 
lishing of the Church in each non-Christian land. 

In attaining this object every type of missionary has 
a part to play, but the heaviest part of the task falls 
naturally upon the so-called " evangelistic missionary." 
The expression is not a happy one, since every missionary 
does a work of evangelism, and it is now commonly re- 
placed by the term " general missionary." 

When we say " every type of missionary," we use a 
broad term indeed. We include all the many kinds of 
missionary worker that have been mentioned in these 
pages. We include also all the many types that have not 
been mentioned — stenographers, carpenters and builders, 
accountants and business agents, architects and engineers, 
Sunday School specialists, musicians, dentists, pharma- 
cists, veterinarians, hospital technicians, house mothers, 

113 



ii 4 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

librarians, survey specialists, and deaconesses. But it 
may be asked, are there really missionaries of all these 
sorts? They have been asked for in the year 1921 by 
the missionary societies of Canada and the United States, 
workers of every one of these types. The day of speciali- 
zation on the mission field has arrived. All kinds of 
talent and training seem now to be more or less in demand. 

Many of the general missionaries are clergymen. In- 
deed, of the men engaged in foreign missionary service, 
about two thirds are ordained ministers. Side by side 
with these ministers stand the women who are in gen- 
eral missionary work. Necessarily the nature of their 
activities is somewhat different; but the same qualities 
are demanded in them, for they share equally with the 
men in the enterprise of founding the Christian Church 
in non-Christian lands. What is distinctive in their work 
is of the largest importance and is of a sort that no others 
could do so well. 

Most of the pioneering work in mission lands is done 
by evangelistic workers. In some instances, for special 
reasons, the doctors or the schoolmasters precede other 
workers. But as a rule the ministers are first to enter a 
new field. They break the trails. Rev. Daniel McGil- 
vary was a type of such a pioneer missionary. A sec- 
retary of his mission board sums up his lifework in 
these words: 

In all the marked development of the Lao Missions, 
Dr. McGilvary was a leader — the leader. He laid the 
foundations of medical work, introducing quinine and 
vaccination among a people scourged by malaria and 
smallpox, a work which has now developed into five 
hospitals and a leper asylum. He began educational 
work which is now represented by eight boarding-schools 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 115 

and twenty-two elementary schools and is fast expand- 
ing into a college, a medical college, and a theological 
seminary. He was the evangelist who won the first con- 
verts, founded the first church, and had a prominent 
part in founding twenty other churches and in developing 
a Lao Christian Church of 4,205 adult communicants. 
His colleague, the Rev. W. C. Dodd, says that Dr. Mc- 
Gilvary selected the sites for all the present stations of 
the Mission long before committees formally sanctioned 
the wisdom of his choice. He led the way into regions 
beyond, and was the pioneer explorer into the French 
Lao States, eastern Burma, and even up to China. Go 
where you will in northern Siam, or in many of the 
sections of the extra-Siamese Lao States, you will find 
men and women to whom Dr. McGilvary first brought 
the " good news." He well deserves the name so fre- 
quently given him even in his lifetime, " The Apostle to 
the Lao." x 

Sometimes women missionaries are pioneers. When 
Mary Slessor went to Africa, she began her missionary 
work by teaching in the day-school on Mission Hill in 
Calabar. But in the frail body of this little woman, who, 
a few months before, had been a mill-hand in Dundee, 
there was beating the stout heart of the pioneer. Her 
face was towards the interior. Her spirit could not rest 
until she plunged into unbroken fields of work. So, 
leaving her colleagues behind, she pushed on alone. 

To be sure, the " general missionary " w r orkers are not 
usually pioneers. In most cases they go to places where 
Christian work has already been begun. But always their 
task is exalted, always difficult, always rewarding. 

In the planting of the Church in the mission field three 
elements are necessary: to preach the gospel, to gather 
the converts into churches for fellowship and service, 

1 Quoted by F. W. Bible in The Christian Ministry Overseas. 



n6 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

and to train a native leadership for their organized 
church life. In the first of these all missionaries share; 
in the other two the task is very largely one for the 
evangelistic or " general missionary " workers. Let us 
Consider what is involved in these three steps. 

I. PREACHING THE GOSPEL 

Naturally, when we think of foreign missionary work 
there comes first to our minds the preaching of the gos- 
pel of Christ. It ought to. It is only one of many fac- 
tors in the great task that is taking an ever enlarging 
number of the finest and best of our college men and 
women into overseas Christian service ; but it is the first 
and foremost factor of all. Every non-Christian nation 
needs to be changed by the gracious dynamic of the spirit 
of Christ, radically changed, changed from the heart to 
the outermost limits of its life. All of this can be ac- 
complished only by the power of the living Christ, " the 
desire of all nations " ; but first, he must be made known. 
When a sufficient number of people anywhere receive 
him as the Deliverer and Lord of their own lives, he can, 
through them, work his mighty works in a country and 
a nation. But first, he and his gospel must be proclaimed 
to individuals. 

So it is that every missionary, whether preacher, Asso- 
ciation secretary, doctor, nurse, or teacher, is active in 
season and out of season in declaring the truth of Christ, 
not only by the eloquence of consistent Christian living, 
but also by the persuasive words of testimony and expo- 
sition. Every one of them is a witness, every one an 
advocate. Let us picture them at their task of proclaim- 
ing the gospel in private and in public. 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 117 

Alexander Duff, the great Scottish pioneer of higher 
education in India, was one day crossing the campus of 
the Free Church College in Calcutta, when he met a 
student who was evidently in trouble. Dr. Duff was 
much interested in this boy, for he was one of the most 
brilliant in the college and had won an entrance scholar- 
ship at the age of thirteen. So he stopped and said, 
u There seems to be something on your mind, Banurji. 
What is the trouble?" 

The boy looked up through his tears into the kindly 
face before him. " Alas, sir," he said, " I have lost my 
father." 

" I am truly sorry," replied the president, laying his 
hand on the boy's shoulder. Then after a moment, 
" Why do you not accept God as your Father ? " 

This led the young Hindu to begin the study of the 
Bible. With open mind he put its teaching to the test. 
Two of his fellow-students who were Christians became 
his friends, and he began to go with them to an aban- 
doned jute-mill for prayer and the study of the Bible. 
He also came into frequent contact with a medical mem- 
ber of the faculty and mainly under his influence he de- 
cided at last to become a Christian. It was only after a 
long struggle, however, for he came from a proud Brah- 
man family, and he knew that to become a Christian 
would mean his being forsaken and despised by those 
whom he loved more than his life. When finally he de- 
termined to follow Christ and, taking from his neck the 
sacred thread that was the insignia of his high caste, he 
threw it into the lake, his fears were realized. His fam- 
ily made him an outcaste, and he was bitterly persecuted. 
But he did not waver. 



n8 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

"He that loseth his life for my sake shall find it." 
This brilliant youth, honor gold medalist in the first class 
to be graduated from the college, came to be one of the 
most influential leaders that the Indian Church has had. 
First as professor in his alma mater and later as a law- 
yer, Kali Charan Banurji became one of the outstanding 
men in Indian public life. He was elevated to some of 
the highest offices within the reach of Indians. He was 
one of the founders and leaders of the Indian National 
Congress. He was a remarkable orator and used his 
speaking talents far and wide as a preacher of the Chris- 
tian gospel, although he remained a layman. He was 
Chairman of the Indian National Council of Young 
Men's Christian Associations, he represented India on 
the World's Student Christian Federation, he was one of 
the translators of the Bengali New Testament, he was, 
instrumental with a few other prominent Christians in 
organizing the great National Missionary Society of 
India. And all of this brilliant, devoted leadership for 
the Church in the Indian Empire was made possible, 
under God, because an educator-missionary, a doctor- 
missionary, and two fellow-students had been faithful in 
helping young Banurji while in college to know Jesus 
Christ. 

Kim Chung Sik was the chief of police in Seoul. He 
was a commanding figure on the streets of the city, tall, 
dignified, and always well groomed. He was also a man 
of force. One day he was introduced to a Canadian 
missionary, Dt\ James S. Gale. This minister, always 
alert to preach the gospel to one or to many, seized the 
opportunity to speak of Christ, and Chief Kim accepted , 
a New Testament and promised to read it. Little irn- 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 119 

pression seemed to be made upon him, however, for he 
was a man of determined views and a very busy official, 
but Dr. Gale continued to pray that he might become a 
Christian. 

Some time later Kim was suspected of political dis- 
loyalty and arrested. In his cell he had leisure to think. 
Two years passed, and one day a wad of paper secretly 
brought from the prison was handed to Dr. Gale. It was 
from Kim. It said that he had been thinking deeply over 
all that the missionary had said to him, that he had read 
the New Testament through four times, and that finally, 
when his heart was crying out for rest, he had seen that 
the sacrifice of Christ was for him and had found peace 
and salvation. He asked that one of the lady mission- 
aries should go to his wife and tell her the same " good 
news." This was done, and Mrs. Kim too became a 
Christian. 

Soon after this Kim was released. He went to call 
on the Prime Minister, the man who had had him thrown 
into prison. As Kim entered, the great official shrank 
away, fearing that his caller had designs on his life. But 
Kim reassured him. " Do not fear," he said. " God has 
forgiven my sins, and I have not the least ill-feeling 
towards you/' 

The ex-chief of police followed Dr. Gale's example 
and began earnestly to win others to Christ. He even 
talked of his new faith with Prince Ye, who was the 
oldest son of the oldest branch of the royal family. The 
prince began to read the New Testament and soon de- 
clared that he too was a Christian believer. Later Kim 
went to Tokyo to work for Christ among the Korean 
students there. Dr. Gale wrote of him, " Kim became 



120 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

the best example of a man fishing for men that I have 
ever seen. Possessed of a most lovable personality, he 
is doing a splendid work for his Master." 

It was a great day for Korea when the Canadian 
minister grasped his opportunity to preach the gospel to 
the chief of police. 

No better opportunity is offered in missionary work 
for presenting the gospel to individuals, and none is 
being more faithfully grasped than that of reaching non- 
Christian women in their homes. This work is ex- 
clusively the province of women missionaries. They go 
into zenanas, harems, and other non-Christian homes and, 
while sharing their friendship and showing a thousand 
courtesies, they take occasion to explain the Christian 
message. 

But the missionary preaches wholesale as well as re- 
tail. He is eager to give the gospel, which has so gripped 
his own life that he has come many thousands of miles 
to share it, to as large audiences as he can reach. Paul 
on his missionary tours used any and every gathering he 
could command and made of it a congregation, — now a 
group of servants, now a few fellow-prisoners, now a 
ship's crew, now a gathering in a quiet home, now a 
crowd in the market-place or forum. The modern mis- 
sionary goes about his business of preaching in the same 
way. 

At first the missionary has no building in which to 
hold his services and goes to the people where he can 
find them in the greatest numbers and under the most 
favorable conditions. The great religious festivals, such 
as the melas in Allahabad, bring thousands and some- 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 121 

times millions of pilgrims to a shrine or a sacred bathing 
place. They are frequently utilized by the missionary as 
occasions for the preaching of the great message. The 
bazaars of the East furnish audiences at any hour of the 
day. Often a group of hearers is gathered in an inn 
where the missionary is staying overnight. A mission- 
ary has even expounded the Christian faith on the floor 
of a legislative assembly in China. 

Much of the preaching in mission fields is done on 
itinerating tours which the men or women missionaries 
undertake, often accompanied by a few converts. Music 
is generally sufficient to gather a good audience. A baby 
organ is often employed both to aid the singing and to 
excite curiosity. Sometimes large, colored posters are 
displayed or " magic lantern " pictures shown to illus- 
trate the message and also to attract a crowd. Moving 
pictures are now coming into use where the necessary 
facilities are available. Usually the missionaries have 
little trouble in securing a large audience, for in the 
East and in Africa nobody is in a hurry. Here they 
preach by a city gate, there by the wayside, there in a 
village far out in the district. At the close of the service 
they frequently distribute tracts and sell Scripture 
portions. 

One of the most interesting bits of itinerant work was 
done by the late Captain Luke Bickel, who cruised for 
fifteen years in Japan among the dwellers of the Inland 
Sea and developed a staff of Japanese workers and a 
chain of churches where hardly one had been before. 1 

A New York minister who was making a tour of the 
world stopped to visit a missionary friend in Southern 

1 See Captain Bickel of the Inland Sea by Charles Kendall 
Harrington. Revell. 



122 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

India. Before he passed on, the missionary proposed 
that they go far out into a region into which no Chris- 
tian worker had ever gone and which was not within 
the plans of any missionary agency. He had his hands 
more than full, he explained, with the forty churches 
under his care and would probably never be able to follow 
up the work of this proposed trip. But he wanted to 
give his friend the chance to preach the gospel where it 
had never been heard. 

The visitor heartily agreed, and they set out on their 
long journey in a tonga, a rude, springless, two-wheeled 
cart. Arriving at a certain village, they stopped. " Here 
is your opportunity," said the missionary, " now make 
the most of it." At first the villagers were hostile, but 
recognizing that the newcomers were there on a friendly 
errand, they gathered to listen. The New Yorker 
preached as he had never preached in his life, and the 
missionary interpreted. As the tonga rumbled off, the 
people all crowded out to the edge of the village and 
shouted a farewell in Tamil. " Do you know what they 
are saying?" said the missionary. "They are saying, 
' When will you come again to tell us more of the good 
story ? ' And," he added, " unless you can come back, 
they will probably never hear it again." 

Very often these impromptu services are conducted 
under trying conditions. There is likely to be noise and 
commotion and much coming and going. Frequent ques- 
tions are interjected. No political campaigner in North 
America or in Britain is more liable to get a severe 
heckling than is the Christian missionary at times in a 
heathen village or in the bazaar of a great city. It calls 
for ready wit, tactful wisdom, sympathy, patience, 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 123 

prayer, and a great good humor to " g&t away with " 
such a situation ; and the nervous strain of a service like 
this is most exhausting. 

Of course the reception accorded to the preaching of 
the gospel varies greatly. There are some regions into 
which the missionaries do not penetrate at all, so intense 
and fanatical is the resistance. Afghanistan, Turkestan, 
inland Arabia, and much of Tibet are some of the fields 
which cannot now be entered. Beginning with the stage 
of prohibition, the pendulum passes many degrees of 
opposition, tolerance, indifference, curiosity, interest, and 
welcome till it swings to an attitude of intense inquiry 
and an actual longing for the truth. 

This difference in attitude on the part of the people 
implies a great difference in the visible results. In all 
cases the harvest is sure, but the interval till the harvest- 
time varies a great deal. Evangelistic meetings among 
the educated classes in India, where caste holds a re- 
lentless sway, have produced thus far very little fruit- 
age in converts, while similar meetings in China have 
resulted in crowded Bible classes and large accessions 
to church membership. 

Judson had to wait six or seven years before winning 
his first Burmese convert. But today in Burma, the fields 
are white unto the harvest. Word comes, for example, 
of an entire village in Kengtung on the Chinese border 
being almost suddenly won to Christ. One of the con- 
verts, Ainan, a Buddhist priest, had been an opium vic- 
tim and later a member of a robber band. After his 
conversion, he became a powerful preacher of the gospel. 
He has led over five hundred persons to Christ and is 
now the pastor of an active church of one hundred and 



124 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

seventy-five members. In the Kengtung field and across 
the border in China more than fifteen thousand converts 
have been baptized within the last fourteen years. 

When Mackay of Formosa preached to the fishermen 
of the Kap-tsu-lan plain, they had never heard the gospel 
till that day. But " the very next day these people de- 
termined to have a church of their own in which to wor- 
ship the true God." 

Most notable of all is the immense " mass movement " 
in India, where the harvest has overwhelmed the 
workers; where conversions arid baptisms are beyond 
all precedent; where tired missionaries, almost bewil- 
dered by success, often too busy to rest or take fur- 
loughs, are uplifted in spirit because of the vast Christ- 
ward movements among the pariahs, yet sore of heart 
because they have to turn away hundreds of thousands 
who are pleading for Christian instruction; where, ac- 
cording to the Bishop of Madras, " fifty millions of out- 
castes are knocking at the doors of the Christian Church/' 

II. ORGANIZING THE CHURCH 

The second factor in planting the Church is the actual 
organization of churches throughout each non-Christian 
area. It would be cruel folly to win converts and then 
leave them to plan their own fellowship and worship and 
service and otherwise shift for themselves. 

This work of organizing the Church and guiding it in 
its early stages is an immense task and it fairly bristles 
with problems. The conditions which the missionary has 
to meet are totally different from those surrounding 
the churches at home, — conditions of environment, of 
racial characteristics and inheritance, of national tradi- 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 125 

tions, of relations to governments, of tasks to be per- 
formed, of social usage. There are few precedents to 
guide and few supporting organizations outside the 
Church. The Church has to bear a more active relation 
to schools, hospitals, relief agencies, and movements for 
social, industrial, and economic reform than in our 
Western countries. 

We cannot deal here with these problems. They are 
too many, too intricate, too technical. They relate to 
widely different kinds of churches, young churches and 
mature churches, little scattered churches in the dis- 
tricts like our own rural parishes and great institutional 
churches in the cities, or immense congregations like 
the one at Elat in West Africa, where several thousand 
sit down together at the Lord's Table. Besides, they 
vary greatly in the different mission fields, and the so- 
lutions being offered are, in many cases, only temporary 
measures. 

But there is one point which is so central in the whole 
undertaking that we must keep it ever in mind; namely, 
that the churches which are being organized in the mis- 
sion field must be indigenous churches, that is, churches 
of the soil, churches which are not American or Canadian 
or British, but African, Oriental, Latin-American. And 
to that aim the organization of these churches must 
conform. 

Fortunately it can be said that the missionary body 
today is recognizing that its leadership in the churches 
in mission lands is but temporary and is showing an 
increasing zeal to share the functions of control with 
the leaders of these churches. " They must increase; we 
must decrease," is their motto. 



126 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Autonomous churches in all the non-Christian nations 
is their goal. And the mission boards at home counsel 
humility and a readiness for self-effacement upon all 
their outgoing missionaries. 

However much responsibility is given them, the Chris- 
tians in any mission land will never feel that their 
churches are truly their own until they themselves are 
supporting them. At the present time this is, of course, 
not always possible. Foreign funds are in many cases 
needed. But the goal which must steadily be kept in 
view, both by these churches and by the missionaries, is 
that, while foreign funds should provide for foreign 
workers, native funds should provide the salaries of 
native workers and erect the church buildings. How far 
in any given case a foreign missionary or a mission 
should press this principle is a matter that calls for tactful 
sympathy and prayerful wisdom. It is astonishing and 
it is inspiring, too, to see how ready are the churches in 
the mission field to contribute generously to their local 
church work and also to national Christian undertakings 
and even to causes in other lands. But what refreshes 
one even more than the large amounts the church mem- 
bers give is the spirit in which they are given. The men 
and women who have been planting the Church have 
rightly magnified giving as a service unto the Lord ; and, 
as a result, church membership out yonder involves the 
theory and practise of stewardship in a degree forgotten 
by the older churches of the West. Tithing is common. 
Often the Christians give to the self-denial point and 
far beyond it. When money is scarce, it is not seldom 
that like the Israelites of old they bring an offering of 
the fruits of the field or of poultry or goats or cattle. 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 127 

Out in a village in Baroda, India, lives Khushal, a 
small farmer. Ten years ago he was a raw heathen 
coolie. Two years ago, having given a rupee each month 
to the church, he brought in a gift of one hundred 
rupees for the annual collection, a princely sum for such 
a man. Last year the cotton crop in his locality w%s 
almost a total failure and, knowing that he had been 
hard hit, a non-Christian said to him, " Now that God 
has not given you a good crop, I suppose you will not give 
him so large a sum in the annual collection." Khushal 
replied, " My faith and my love for God have not been 
injured by one year's failure of the crop, and to prove 
this I will give this year five rupees more than last year." 
And when the annual collection was taken in that village, 
he led off with a gift of one hundred and five rupees. 1 
Khushal is by no means a rare type. Giving on his scale 
and in his spirit is very common among members of the 
churches in mission countries. 

The Christian ministers and their associates who have 
been planting the Church in non-Christian lands have 
also been consistent in emphasizing the principle of self- 
propagation. This has been a wise policy for three 
reasons. In the first place, there is nothing that so de- 
velops growth in the Christian life as bearing witness 
to the power of Christ. In the second place, the eager- 
ness to communicate to others the blessings that one has 
found in Christianity is the finest test of the reality of 
one's faith and Christian experience. " If my religion is 
wrong," said Archbishop Whately, " I am bound to 
change it: if it is right, I am bound to propagate it." 
In the third place, the evangelization of any non- 

1 From an article by J. Larapard in Missionary News, "As 
Gujerati Christians Give." 



128 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

Christian land is, in the last analysis the affair of the 
Christians of that land. Enough foreign missionaries 
will never be and should never be sent out to accomplish 
so great a task. 

An enterprise undertaken by the Christians of India 
is in many respects typical of other movements among 
the churches of the mission fields and shows how they 
are rising to the task of winning their own people. 

On Christmas Day, 1905, a group of Indian Christians 
gathered in Serampore, near Calcutta, in the room which 
once had been Carey's library, and there formed the 
National Missionary Society of India. Its first secre- 
tary was Rev. V. S. Azariah, who has since become the 
first Indian bishop of the Church of England. The pur- 
pose of the Society was announced to be " to evangelize 
unoccupied fields in India and adjacent countries, and 
to lay on Indian Christians the burden of responsibility 
for the evangelization of their own country and of 
neighboring lands." The work was not only initiated 
by Indians ; it has throughout been officered and financed 
solely by them. The Society now carries on work in 
six different districts. It supports seventeen resident 
missionaries, with twenty-four helpers and a traveling 
evangelist. It maintains sixteen schools, including a high 
school, and several dispensaries. 

What a joy it must bring to the missionary heart to 
look into the faces of his first converts gathered together 
for the worship of God, to hear their voices uplifted to 
praise the name that is above every name, and to ob- 
serve the Holy Communion in their fellowship ! " At 
the moment," said John G. Paton of the New Hebrides, 
" when I put the bread and wine into those dark hands 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 129 

which were once stained with the blood of cannibalism, 
I had a foretaste of glory that well-nigh broke my heart 
to pieces. I shall never taste a deeper bliss till I gaze on 
the glorified face of Jesus himself." How that joy 
deepens as the minister sees the Church grow in numbers 
and in strength and become a power for righteousness 
and service in the community! But deeper yet must be 
his joy in seeing the Church ready to stand alone, — » 
strong, self-reliant, independent, an indigenous body, 
qualified to direct and support itself and to spread out 
into new territory. 

III. TRAINING A NATIVE LEADERSHIP 

The task of planting the Church is not finished when 
converts are won to the Christian faith and when they 
are gathered into organized groups for worship and 
service. There remains the third step, the most strategic 
aspect of the whole scope of missionary work; namely, 
the training of native leadership. 

The missionaries in a new field select from among their 
early converts certain men and women who seem pos- 
sessed of general ability, good judgment, and a gift of 
leadership. To these they give special attention and 
training. 

The processes of training are many. First, there 
comes education. Indeed, one of the chief functions of 
educational missions is to fit men and women for places 
of leadership in the Church. And in recognizing this 
service we must not forget any branch of education, from 
kindergarten to college. 

Another process is the entrusting of tasks to the 
native Christians. The usual procedure in training evan- 



i 3 o WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

gelists is for the missionary (man or woman) to take 
one or more Christians on a tour and invite them to bear 
testimony from their own experience to the truth of 
what has been preached. Gradually they acquire con- 
fidence and ability as speakers and shortly they are sent 
on preaching tours by themselves. 

A third process is that of conference between the mis- 
sionary and his native associates. Meetings lasting from 
a few hours to several days are held in the missionary's 
home, at which the catechists, teachers, evangelists, col- 
porteurs, pastors, as the case may be, make reports. The 
discussions which follow bring correction, encourage- 
ment, and new suggestions. Bible teaching usually forms 
a part of these conferences — often it occupies the bulk of 
the time, — and prayer is always one of the main ele- 
ments. The fellowship of these hours or days spent with 
one another and with God brings to the workers a feeling 
of strength and of solidarity — a sense of mission — and 
they go out to their separate tasks with inspiration and 
new hope in their hearts. The women missionaries train 
Bible women in the same way. 

A fourth process is that of specialized instruction. 
This is sometimes given in Institutes — much like ouf 
summer schools at Northfield, Blue Ridge, Whitby, or 
Lake Couchiching — which, in some cases, last for sev- 
eral weeks, and at which training is given in the Bible 
and in methods of work. When a Korean Christian 
walks three hundred and ninety miles over rough roads, 
as one of them did, to attend one of these institutes, it 
is a proof that the training they offer is greatly appre- 
ciated. Then there are training schools and Bible schools 
of various kinds, some denominational and some of a 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 131 

union character. These agencies are reckoned an essen- 
tial part of the work of every mission area. 

At the apex of the training structure stands the Bible 
training school and the theological seminary. Good types 
of the latter class of institution are The United Theo- 
logical College of South India and Ceylon, located at 
Bangalore, and The Evangelical Seminary of Mexico, 
which is situated in Mexico City. The former, which 
gives quite advanced instruction, is maintained by the 
American Board, the London, the Wesleyan, the Ameri- 
can Reformed, and the United Free Church of Scotland 
missionary societies ; and the latter by all the Protestant 
societies working in Mexico. In such seminaries prac- 
tical work is always combined with classroom instruc- 
tion, and their value in dignifying the ministry and pro- 
ducing a high grade of Christian leadership can hardly 
be over-stated. 

An excellent example of a Bible training school is 
the Christian Training School at Ahmednagar in West- 
ern India. For forty years it was presided over by 
Rev. James S. Haig, who was its founder. In that time 
some nine hundred trained teachers were sent out. Ac- 
cording to one of the missionaries, a large majority of the 
most effective pastors and preachers of Western India 
have passed through this school. At a recent date seven 
hundred and fifty of its graduates were still in charge of 
Christian schools in city and village. 

Only through a trained leadership can the Church in 

the various mission fields make its full contribution to 

the world's Christianity. A few years ago a book 1 was 

written by seven bishops of the Church of England, 

1 Mankind and the Church, edited by Bishop H. H. Mont- 
gomery. 



132 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

pointing out the distinctive gifts to the Church universal 
which may be looked for from seven sections of the 
mission world, gifts which will help to a fuller knowledge 
of Christ, a clearer interpretation of his message, and a 
more adequate worship and service in his name. What 
contribution will India make? And Africa? And Siam? 
When these gifts come in, they will be borne, not by 
foreign missionaries, but by leaders of the native churches. 

IV. CHRIST AT THE CENTER 

We have said that the establishing of the Church is 
the main objective of the missionary enterprise. If it 
is asked why this is the case, the answer is that the 
Church is the agency appointed by Christ whereby his 
purposes are to be effected in the life of mankind. He 
is the center around which revolves all the work done 
by all the missionaries in all lands. They have followed 
one star, they have pushed forward to one goal, they 
have been driven by one all-consuming passion. That 
star, that goal, that passion is Jesus Christ. They have 
all been serving in the name of Christ, all working in 
the power of Christ, all laboring at their tasks because 
the love of Christ has constrained them, and every result 
of their efforts they have laid at the feet of Christ. 
Every one of them is endeavoring by life and word to 
bring others to him. They run with patience the race 
that is set before them, looking unto Jesus. 

" Agricultural missionaries must understand," says 
Mr. Sam Higginbottom, "that better plows or larger 
crops is not what we are after as the primary thing. 
There is no ' gospel of the plow.' There is a gospel of 
Jesus Christ that saves men who believe in him, apart 



PLANTERS EXTRAORDINARY 133 

from their economic or social condition ; and it is to help 
in the spread of that gospel that the Agricultural In- 
stitute exists." 

However they might phrase it, all the missionaries 
out there in the needier lands of the world and all the 
missionary leaders at the home base would give the same 
sort of testimony as to the major purpose of the whole 
enterprise. " To have him understood," they would all 
say, " and placed in control of all life — that is what we 
are after as the primary thing." There are many meth- 
ods, many means, many products and by-products, but 
only one aim. There is a wide circle of work, but only 
one center, and that is Jesus Christ, the living Head of 
the Church. 

This is the great task of planting the Church in the 
mission field, a task in which all missionaries share, but 
which, in the main, is undertaken by Christian ministers 
and the women who share with them in the evangelistic 
or general missionary service. Perhaps there is no other 
work in the whole range of human effort which brings 
such highly multiplying returns. And we may be sure 
that there is in all the world no service which answers 
so fully as this to the appeal uttered by President Hadley 
of Yale as he closed his address to the graduating class 
of 1920: 

Yale has trained us for leadership. Her motto is 
lux et Veritas. Not simply to know God. but to reveal 
him to others — that is our high calling. We are charged 
with a command, " Let your light so shine before men 
that they may see your eood works and glorify your 
Father which is in heaven." We are inspired by a prom- 
ise — to my mind the most glorious in all the Holy Scrip- 



i 3 4 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

tu-res : "They that turn many to righteousness shall shine 
as the stars for ever and ever." 

There are not now men and women enough in foreign 
missionary service, not nearly enough, for the planting of 
the Church. The way is open. The times are unusually 
favorable. There is a vast acreage of fertile soil as yet 
untilled. The mission boards are eagerly appealing for 
more workers. 

A great conference was held recently in Shanghai, 
where plans were drafted for a vast advance movement 
by the Christian forces, which will place the Chinese 
churches and their leaders under heavier responsibility 
than they have yet borne. Shall we not apply to our own 
hearts the ringing words which Dr. Cheng Ching-yi — 
who has been called the Dr. Jowett of China — there ad- 
dressed to his Christian countrymen : " We need the 
daring spirit, the adventurers, the heroes, the men and 
women, when assured it is the Lord's bidding, who will 
start for the place they do not know where, like Abraham 
of old." 



VI 

SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 

\\T E have seen missionaries passing down many roads 
of world friendship. We are now to watch them 
moving about on the wide avenue of Social Welfare. 
It is the Broadway of missionary service and, in one form 
or another, all missionaries have work to do along this 
avenue. 

Those who have given thought to the welfare of so- 
ciety and know the literature of the subject are agreed 
that the greatest social document in the world is the 
Sermon on the Mount. Now as one ponders that won- 
derful discourse of the Master, one sees emerging three 
great lessons: the binding necessity of clean character; 
the infinite worth of every individual in God's sight ; and 
the obligation to serve others. The social message of 
the foreign missionary is his emphasis on these three 
ideals, and his social work is their application to the 
problems of the community and the nation. 

I. SETTING HIGH MORAL STANDARDS 

The developing of Christlike character in individuals 
is the prerequisite of social welfare. We rightly speak 
of sin and of sins. Sin is one ; it is the pursuit of one's 
own desires instead of following the will of God. It is 
also multiform; an evil condition of the heart is ex- 
pressed in many different ways. But we wrongly speak 
of individual sins and social sins. Every sin is indi- 
vidual and every sin is social. The least lapse from 

135 



i 3 6 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

rectitude in anyone's heart is an injury to society. And 
yet some of these manifestations of evil are more dis- 
tinctly social than others. We shall consider some of 
these social evils which are current in mission lands as 
illustrating the effort of the missionary to effect a trans- 
formation in society. 

1. The opium habit and traffic. This is one of the 
most blighting of the sins of self-injury and social wrong, 
and the guilt lies at the door alike of those who use the 
drug and those who supply it. " It is all wrong," said 
the earliest missionaries. " The use of opium is evil 
and only evil. Chiefly is it wrong because it destroys 
human character, health, and life. But also it is economi- 
cally wrong, because there is so much human material that 
is not producing and because the vast acreage being de- 
voted to the poppy might be assigned to rice, wheat, cot- 
ton, and other primary needs of the nation. " But they 
were for many years voices in the wilderness, though from 
the beginning some of the better elements among the Chi- 
nese agreed with them. 

An Anti-Opium Society was formed and gradually 
gained in influence through the use of many forms of 
education and publicity. More and more of the non- 
Christian Chinese joined in the propaganda, and mem- 
bership in the Anti-Opium Society increased. Finally 
the hour for decisive action struck, and a petition, signed 
by fifteen hundred missionaries, was presented to the 
Empress Dowager. It was one of the great days in 
China's history when, on September 20, 1906, she granted 
the petition and signed the anti-opium edict by which all 
opium dens were closed at once, officials under sixty-five 
years of age were commanded to break off the habit in 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 137 

six months or lose their positions, and the cultivation 
of the poppy in China was ordered to be reduced by one 
tenth a year for ten years. The British Government 
agreed to close down poppy cultivation in India and 
reduce by one tenth a year for ten years the importation 
of opium into China. Imagine the joy and thanksgiving 
when the news was spread among the missionaries and 
the members of the Chinese Church who had played so 
valuable a part in the fight ! Indeed, all China seemed to 
rejoice, and many were the celebrations around the great 
bonfires of opium pipes. 

It had been a long, hard road, and the end was not yet. 
Ever since then, the going has been bumpy. Smuggling 
of foreign opium is taking place on an ex-tensive scale, 
and the illicit traffic in morphia has assumed alarming 
proportions. Indeed, this trade is one of the great dan- 
gers confronting China today. Through innumerable 
hidden channels morphia manufactured in Western coun- 
tries finds its way in astonishing quantities into China. 
According to one of China's best known physicians, Dr. 
Wu Lien-teh, whose figures appeared in the Peking and 
Tientsin Times of April 5, 1920, the importation of 
morphia has risen from five and a half tons in 1911 to 
twenty-eight tons in 1919. And each ton represents 
thirty-two million injections. 1 

The menace which this trade in death and disease pre- 
sents to China has stirred her people, and a strong public 
opinion has been aroused. An " International Anti- 
Opium Association " was formed in Shanghai in 1919 
and now has branches all over China. If the zeal to 
check the spread of these evils which have fastened them- 

1 See The Highway of God, by Kathleen Harnett and William 
Paton, 1921. United Council on Missionary Education, London. 



i 3 8 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

selves upon China largely as a result of foreign influ- 
ence were shared by " Christian " governments and their 
peoples, victory would be in sight. 

Dollar makers have kept up persistent efforts to manu- 
facture and distribute opium, and just now in some parts 
of China the poppy is again being cultivated, apparently 
with the connivance of certain officials. 

2. Intemperance is another moral evil of great power 
in non-Christian lands. The use of alcohol, being for- 
bidden by the Koran, is not so very prevalent in Mo- 
hammedan lands. But in other mission countries it is 
working dreadful havoc. It has thrown its blight across 
the Indian Empire, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philip- 
pines, and Latin America. Africa and the Pacific Islands 
have suffered most from its debauchery. Gin even ranks 
as currency in some of the African colonies. In all of 
these nations, the missionary is not only preaching absti- 
nence from the use of alcohol, he is also leading in cru- 
sades against it, and the Christians and the better class 
of non-Christians are with him. But he is going further. 
He is sending letters home to Christian laymen and to 
mission boards pleading that influence be brought to bear 
on their governments to stop utterly the traffic in rum 
with the backward peoples of the world. To non- 
Christian peoples he says, " Abstain from using it." To 
Christian governments he says, " Abstain from export- 
ing it." 

3. Gambling is an evil deeply intrenched in most mis- 
sion countries. " China seems to lead the van of the 
gambling fraternity throughout the world." All classes 
indulge in it, from the tattered beggars to the literati and 
prominent officials. The Chinese coolies who served in 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 139 

France during the war took their gambling passion with 
them. One was found with ten thousand francs, his 
winnings in card-playing on one payday. A missionary 
writes, " I have seen tiny children, barely tall enough to 
look on to the low table, gambling away like seasoned 
hands." This vice is very prevalent, too, in other parts 
of the East and in Africa. 

The duty of the missionary in regard to this evil is 
perfectly plain. He has never ceased to oppose it. He 
has organized the Christian forces, and as many of the 
non-Christians as could be enlisted, in a campaign against 
it. In 1919 the king of Siam, in response to an appeal by 
the missionaries, legally abolished open gambling in his 
kingdom. Everywhere the Christians have been taught 
that it is a subtle and dangerous sin and that, as fol- 
lowers of Christ, they must shun it themselves and fight 
against it for the sake of others. 

4. Another profound and ever-present evil among the 
peoples in mission lands is immorality. In Latin Amer- 
ica it prevails to a shocking degree. " From one fifth 
to one sixth of the population of Brazil are of illegiti- 
mate birth; in Venezuela the proportion is two thirds; 
in Ecuador, one half ; in Chile, one third. Male chastity 
is almost unknown." 1 In China immorality is widely 
prevalent, especially in the large centers of population. 
The Negroes of Africa are said by ethnologists to be more 
prone to it than any other peoples. A Christian Negro 
of Angola says mournfully, " Sensuality is our besetting 
sin." In India it is not only common, but it also has the 
sanction of some forms of Hinduism. In Japan it is a 
monstrous and ever-present evil. What is the missionary 

1 The Christian Crusade for World Democracy, Taylor-Luc- 
coek, p. 45. 



140 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

to do in the face of this moral foulness? He preaches 
the word of Christ that men and women must be not 
only virtuous in conduct but also pure in heart — other- 
wise they cannot see God. They must be moral or they 
cannot be religious. That seems like an axiom to us. 
But we must remember that with the non-Christian 
faiths, and even with the form of the Christian faith 
that prevails in the greater part of Latin America, moral- 
ity and religion do not of necessity go hand in hand. 

The missionaries must do more than preach. They 
must so far as possible safeguard their converts against 
the terrible appeal of this temptation, and not the con- 
verts alone, but the whole public as well. In lands where 
low ideals of woman and loose ideals of the home are 
current, where many of the public entertainments are 
frankly immoral, where the nautch girl in India, the 
geisha girl in Japan, and their professional dancing sis- 
ters in other countries are held in general favor, where 
prostitution flourishes, where native religions either are 
silent onlookers or else, as in Hinduism, actually con- 
done certain forms of immorality, what a difficulty con- 
fronts any man, Christian or non-Christian, who is mak- 
ing a fight for character ! * 

In Japan the missionaries face "the clearest instance 
of organized vice " to be found in non-Christian coun- 
tries. There are forty-nine thousand geisha girls; and 
Mr. Kagawa of Kobe states that one out of every fifteen 
girls in Japan is leading a life of shame. For this black- 
est traffic known among men, the Japanese Government 
has laid out definite quarters in which the trade may be 

1 A prominent American social worker after a visit to mission 
fields says, "All the other religions except Christianity in one 
degree or another evade the question of sex." 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 141 

carried on. When the largest and gaudiest of these dis- 
tricts, known as the Yoshiwara, in Tokyo, was destroyed 
by fire a few years ago, there was great protest against 
its being restored. Some of the strongest papers in 
Japan and many of the foremost non-Christian public 
men joined in the protest, as did the whole Christian 
body. And at the center of the fight, the missionaries 
took a vigorous part. But the odds were too great, and 
the battle was lost. The same thing happened in 1916, 
in the struggle to prevent the establishment of a new 
licensed quarter in Osaka. One missionary expressed 
the mind of the whole body when he said recently : 1 

We must destroy the system, body and soul, and that 
right quickly. The whole system of prostitution, both 
legal and illegal, drink, disease, and exploited labor must 
be fought against with weapons worthy of the fight, and 
destroyed. In the meantime, let us save one by one, if 
we can and as we can. But we trifle with our God-given 
business while we are content with anything less than the 
extermination of the whole ghastly business. 

This missionary's counsel, " let us save one by one if 
we can and as we can," reflects one way of dealing with 
the situation in various countries. A strong effort is 
being made in South India to rescue the poor "temple 
girls " from the careers of shame they are following 
within the shelter of religion. The " Door of Hope " in 
Shanghai is doing another noble work of rescue. Twenty 
years ago a Vassar girl, Cornelia Bonnell, opened this 
refuge. Many hundreds of little girls who had been lit- 
erally sold for an immoral life have been saved, body 

T-The Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire, 1919, p. 
224. 



i 4 2 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

and mind and soul, through this institution. Many have 
gone out to live usefully, not a few as the wives of 
Chinese pastors. 

5. Industrial exploitation, with all of its accompanying 
social evils, is one of the complex human problems the 
missionary has to tackle. In many places throughout 
these lands there is no great body of public opinion to 
which appeal may be made for measures that will pre- 
vent wastage of human life in industrial enterprises. In 
South Africa, in the Congo and East Africa, in South 
America and elsewhere Christian forces are fighting con- 
stantly in behalf of whole populations whose welfare has 
never been a consideration and who have been looked 
upon only as a supply of cheap labor. 

The conditions which have arisen in connection with 
Japan's amazing industrial development reveal only one 
of the acute situations which missionaries are facing 
today. 

In thirty-five years Tokyo's population has risen from 
858,000 to 3,000,000, while Osaka's population has been 
enlarged by a million, the increase in both cases being 
made up largely of the laboring classes. There are now 
some twenty-five thousand factories in Japan with over 
two million employees, over half of whom are girls and 
women. If the proportions that were true five years ago 
still hold, sixty-five per cent of the women workers are 
under twenty and twenty-two per cent under fourteen 
years of age. In the large factories that come under 
Japan's Factory Law, there were 271,000 cases of dis- 
eases and accidents in 1918, for 110,000 of which im- 
perfect working conditions were responsible. The hor- 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 143 

rors of the system are experienced most by the girl 
workers. Dr. Sidney L. Gulick says in his Working 
Women of Japan: 1 , % . :t> . t \\ 

As a rule the girls are apprenticed for from two to 
three years immediately on leaving the primary school, 
at an age, therefore, of twelve or thirteen. They barely 
earn their living, although they work from daybreak to 
ten or eleven at night, and in some establishments even 
till midnight — from fifteen to eighteen hours a day. 
There are no night shifts and rare holidays on occasional 
festivals. The hygienic and moral conditions are about 
as bad as can be. It is estimated that one half of the 
girls are ruined before the close of their apprenticeship. 

Two hundred thousand girls have to be recruited for 
industries each year mainly to take the places of those 
who have been claimed by death or disease. Thirteen 
thousand return to their homes within the first year, 
most of them the victims of tuberculosis. The govern- 
ment reports say that " in villages and provincial towns, 
tuberculosis is mostly brought in by operatives from 
factories." Dr. Hajime su Kawakami, of the Kyoto 
Imperial University, sums up the situation when he says 
that " machinery is eating the flesh of our young women 
while we are in bed." 

There they stand, these men and women of our mis- 
sionary forces, facing squarely the social evils of the 
non-Christian world, preaching God's stern law of 
righteousness, rescuing those who are cursed by its vio- 
lation, and also protesting and campaigning against many 
deeply intrenched forms of social wrong. How it should 

'-Pages 156-7. 



144 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

grip the imagination of any servant of God who wants 
his life to sweeten and brighten humanity. For every 
one who goes out as a missionary should expect to be 
not only an evangelist of the grace and power of God, 
but also a moral crusader and a social engineer. 

II. TEACHING THE VALUE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 

In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus emphasized the 
fact that God thinks of mankind not in the mass but as 
a family, his own family, made up of individuals, each 
one of whom he loves and regards as of infinite worth. 
The non-Christian world thinks otherwise. There is, as 
a rule, a callous indifference to individual welfare. Life 
is cheap. " There are too many of us, anyway," a Chi- 
nese was heard to say in a time of famine. Floods, 
typhoons, droughts destroy multitudes of lives, and little 
is thought of it. There is, therefore, only a feeble an- 
tagonism to the forces that destroy life or to the forces 
that debase and limit it. It is into such a society that 
the missionary comes. He sees everywhere signs of the 
undervaluing of life. 

1. He finds that childhood is neglected. To anyone 
who has loved the beauty and brightness and winsome- 
ness of the children of mission lands, the hideous crimes 
that are committed against childhood in those countries 
seem incredible. But people who have lived among them 
know that these evil things are only too true. Many 
children do not live who ought to live. Infanticide is 
one of the horrors of the non-Christian world. We have 
already referred to the neglect and ignorance in the care 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 145 

of infants and the evils of native malpractise that result 
in an appalling mortality. The wonder is that so many 
survive. 

In the early childhood of those who do survive, there 
is, for most of them, a good deal of happiness, and they 
are really loved in their homes. But their lot is far from 
enviable, and they, the girls especially, are not prized as 
they are in Christian families. And for most of them 
the custom of their land — notably child marriage, the 
evils of which can hardly be exaggerated — soon puts an 
end to childhood. Some are sold. In Afghanistan, 
daughters are sometimes known to be traded for cattle. 
Girls of thirteen in Siam are often offered for sale as 
serfs. In times of famine, a recent writer says that as 
many as one thousand Chinese girls who have been sent 
south to be sold as slaves, pass through the Yangtse port 
of Ichang in a single year. 

Against all this neglect and suffering, the very heart 
of the missionary cries out in revolt. " Educate the 
children, give them playgrounds, keep them out of the 
factories, throw safeguards around them," he cries. 
" Make fine citizens of them. They are Christ's little 
ones." And he suits his action to his words. 

2. The missionary finds that womanhood is degraded. 
In how many ways she is neglected, imprisoned, de- 
prived, and kept in a cruel debasing subjection we have 
already pointed out. And the worst of it is that these 
conditions are sanctioned by religion. The missionary 
has contended that womanhood and manhood are of 
equal worth, dignity, and ability and possess common 
rights. He has decried polygamy, concubinage, unlim- 
ited divorce, all of which are countenanced by Islam and 



i 4 6 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

in lesser degrees by other ethnic religions ; he has uttered 
his voice against the desolation of widowhood in India; 
he has pointed out the evils and injustice of the seclusion 
of women in Turkey; he has cried out against the ex- 
ploiting of them by labor in Japan; he has contended 
that neither their feet nor their minds should be bound 
in China ; that neither their bodies nor their spirits should 
be imprisoned in Egypt. He has educated woman and 
has been her champion. It has been the only decent and 
Christlike thing to do. 

In all of this work, the women missionaries have been 
the most prominent and effective workers. They have 
done another thing of the greatest value. They have 
presented the object lesson of a Christian home. It is, 
as Mrs. Montgomery says, "a social settlement indeed 
when the queen of an American home sets her kingdom 
down in a society where woman is the toy, the slave, the 
social inferior of her husband, never his honored com- 
rade and equal." When the first missionaries to any 
people have wrestled with the problems of language, one 
of their early difficulties has been in connection with the 
word " home." How were they to express the idea? No 
such word was in existence, for the true meaning of a 
home was an utterly novel conception. A new term had 
to be coined or a new content put into some existing 
word. 

All this agitation and teaching and example have had 
their effect in the gradual change in woman's status which 
is coming about in non-Christian lands. They have not 
been the only influence. The whole force of Western 
public opinion has been a salutary and powerful factor 
in bringing about a new state of things. Sentiment is 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 147 

changing in regard to polygamy, 1 in regard to the treat- 
ment and the rights of Hindu widows, in regard to se- 
clusion, and in regard to the possibilities and the rights 
of womanhood generally. Woman has come to a new 
day in the Orient, not so far a day of much brightness, 
but far different from the horror and blackness of the 
night through which she has traveled for centuries. 

The advent of woman even in a small degree into the 
field of politics, literature, and many of the other learned 
professions and her emancipation from old restraints 
mean new perils for her against which every Christian 
influence must be exerted to establish safeguards; but 
the bare fact of her progressive though very gradual 
emancipation from old tyrannies is a matter over which 
every believer in womanhood's power and dignity must 
rejoice. 

3. The missionary finds many special classes of people 
who are neglected and oppressed. We have seen already 
how he has been caring for orphans, for the blind, for 
opium victims, and for refugees from famine, flood, and 
massacre. In regard to all these unfortunates, the non- 
Christian world was not concerned to provide asylum, 
education, and friendship until the missionary came and 
began to give relief and stir up in the public the begin- 
nings of a sentiment of sympathy. The contrast between 
the non-Christian way and the Christian way may be 
illustrated by two examples : 

1. The leper. The non-Christian way is to ignore 

lepers, to shun them, or even to do away with them. But 

1 The present King of Siam has thrown his influence against 
polygamy ever since his accession to the throne in 1909 and has 
issued several edicts regarding it. On November 9, 1920, he 
announced his own betrothal to the Princess Nara, who was 
formally a pupil in one of the mission schools. 



148 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

we have not so learned Christ. The Christian way is to 
feed and shelter them, to relieve their sufferings, to 
educate them, to give them interesting occupations, to 
offer them sympathy and friendship. We have already 
seen how the forces of Christian missions have organized 
for this task of mercy. The names of Mary Reed, Father 
Damien, and other missionaries to lepers will forever 
shine resplendent in the annals of applied Christianity. 
2. The outcaste. The caste system in India presents 
social oppression in one of its worst forms. The system 
has brought some advantages to India, but they are 
meager in proportion to its evils. It stratifies society 
into divisions and sub-divisions. Into whatever layer of 
society a man is born, there he must remain. He is for- 
bidden to intermarry or even to dine with other castes. 
The caste system has limited cooperation, produced dis- 
cord, prevented progress, crushed initiative, developed 
artificiality, prevented true social conceptions, and 
thrown the economic order out of joint. It is India's 
central problem. But we are concerned here with the 
fact that it has submerged a great mass of population. 
Down at the bottom of the scale are the Panchamas, the 
outcastes, or " untouchables. " They may not enter 
Hindu temples, and usually are obliged to live outside 
the villages. Their touch is polluting, in some places 
even their shadow falling upon someone is reckoned a 
defilement. These fifty million outcastes are the toilers 
of India, manual labor being thought degrading by the 
caste people, and they are abject, servile, and on the 
borderland of starvation. Many of them, like the peons 
of Latin America, have fallen into debt to their land- 
owners and are little better than slaves. 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 149 

That is not Christ's way. He sends his missionary 
to the pariah, saying to him, " You are not dust under 
anyone's feet. You are a worthwhile citizen of this 
world. The Lord of heaven and earth loves you and has 
a fine useful plan for you in this life and in the life to 
come." It is revolutionary doctrine, of course, but that 
need not trouble the outcastes. Any rearrangement of 
social elements cannot put them any lower in the scale 
than they are already. And today they are grasping the 
fact that Christ's is the only hand that can point the way 
up for them ; so they are turning to Christ for instruction 
and uplift. 

III. SPREADING THE SPIRIT OF SOCIAL SERVICE 

The Sermon on the Mount lays great stress on the 
unselfish serving of others. This is a message to which 
men and women who have been brought up under the 
other faiths do not take readily. Among non-Christian 
peoples are to be found ascetics, devoted missionaries, 
and a limited amount of philanthropy. But the spirit of 
social service is sadly lacking. A Hindu lawyer wrote a 
few years ago to an Indian Christian paper in which he 
had the honest courage to make this striking statement: 
" True Christians are the salt of the nation. I believe 
of all religions true Christianity is the only helper 
towards salvation both material and spiritual. I cannot 
say the same of my Hinduism, for the orthodoxy of the 
Hindu creed is a confirmed enemy of social reform." 1 

1. So the missionary finds that if he is to snread the 
spirit of social service, he must awaken in the public mind 
a social conscience. There are three steps in this effort. 

1 The Christian Patriot, July 20, 1911. 



150 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

First is his own example. Day by day he is illustrating 
this spirit, and what he does is always more eloquent than 
anything he can say. A Confucianist said to the wife of 
a medical missionary, " When I see your husband, the 
doctor, daily, in the dispensary, with his own hands wash- 
ing and dressing the sores and wounds on these dirty, 
wretched patients that no Chinese gentlemen would 
touch, I know that Christianity has something in it which 
all the religions of China together do not possess." 

The next step is to inject the idea of serving society 
into the Church. When Christian students in the Union 
College for Women in Peking took charge of twenty-five 
young girl refugees from a flood district, clothed, fed, 
taught, and mothered them for the winter ; and when, in 
the famine of 1920-1921 they assumed on their own ini- 
tiative heavy burdens of relief work, it was because to 
them a voice was saying, " Bear ye one another's bur- 
dens, and so fulfil the law of Christ." 

And what was it that impelled eighteen Japanese Chris- 
tians to organize the White Cross Society in 1910? The 
Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire says, 
" While it is not stated specifically in the regulations that 
this society is a Christian organization, yet its work is 
all carried on in the spirit of Christ and for his sake." x 
A leader of the Indian Missionary Society referred to in 
an earlier chapter, was asked by two Hindu members of 
a well-known nationalist society about the work that he 
and his colleagues were doing. When he finished telling 
them, one of these progressive men said, "Why, you 
have been doing for all these years what we still are only 
talking about ! " The social obligations of Christianity 

1 Issue of 1919, p. 182. 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 151 

is taking a strong hold in the Church in the mission field. 
The third step to be taken by the missionary is to reach 
out far beyond the Christian community with the social 
message of Christianity, to proclaim it as inherent in the 
gospel of the great lover of men. This is done through 
his own preaching and the use of literature. But in the 
main, he must work through the Church membership and 
activities if he wishes the leaven of Christian social ideals 
to spread widely among the public. 

2. Often the missionary has to pioneer a social move- 
ment. Spreading abroad a general social point of view 
does not exhaust his responsibility. It is a slow process 
and he cannot wait until the mass is leavened before he 
takes hold of some practical and urgent issues. When 
Dr. MacGowan, of Amoy, first called a meeting of Chi- 
nese women, as long ago as 1874, to protest against the 
practise of footbinding, there were many predictions of 
fierce protest and open riot. He was attacking the foun- 
dation of the social order. But in 1902 the Empress 
Dowager issued her decree discouraging footbinding — 
never practised by the Manchus, and now the " National 
Foot Society " is extending the reform slowly throughout 
the republic. 1 

It will be noticed that in this movement the mission- 
aries slipped into the background as quickly as possible 
and let Chinese assume the leadership. That is their 
usual procedure. If any social effort is to be a success, 
the people of the nation concerned must feel that it is 
their affair and not a foreign propaganda. 

3. Missionaries are always eager to throw themselves 

into social reform movements of all sorts which are 

- 1 Social Aspects of Foreign Missions, W. H. P. Faunce, pp. 
165-166. 



152 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

begun by governments or under private auspices. The 
Boy Scout movement in China was begun in part at 
least, by others, but Association secretaries and other 
missionaries are eagerly helping forward its progress. 
Government measures for public health are always 
backed by the medical and other missionaries. The Seva 
Sadan Society of India and the Ikuji Society of Japan, 
two philanthropic organizations of Oriental women, have 
the moral support of missionary women, although they 
are not even members of the societies. 

Very conspicuous, because so unexpected, among re- 
form movements carried on by Orientals are the societies 
of Hindus, high caste men for the most part, whose ob- 
ject is the uplift of the pariah population, though, para- 
doxically, they retain their own caste. Such movements 
are evidence of the pervasive power of the Christian 
doctrine as to the worth of the individual and of the 
force of the missionary's example in his efforts for the 
outcastes. 

For a century and a quarter the missionary force has 
been projecting these dynamic ideals into the thinking of 
non-Christian societies. The results have been so great 
that when the renowned missionary scholar, Dr. James 
S. Dennis, wrote his classic treatise on Christian Missions 
and Social Progress, it required three immense volumes 
to contain the impressive story he had to tell. 

IV. REVEALING THE TECHNIQUE OF SOCIAL EFFORT 

Since Christianity is the only religion that has pro- 
duced organized and scientific social welfare work, the 
missionary must perforce enlighten the nation to which 
he goes as to the most effective and wholesome methods 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 153 

of social efforts. Merely to develop a spirit of service 
would not be enough. In the mission field the accepted 
methods of social betterment as we know them must be 
adapted to actual conditions, which are, in many cases, 
quite different from those at home. Unfortunately there 
are some missionaries who are not highly equipped to do 
this; but so high an authority as Mr. Robert A. Woods 
of the South End Settlement in Boston, says, " Mission- 
aries are all in effect social workers ; fully fifty per cent 
of them I found had more or less of the deliberate atti- 
tude of the social worker." There are some advanced 
Christian social experts in all the mission fields who have 
evolved a technique of social service. At least four ele- 
ments enter into this technique. 

1. Education. In much of the social welfare effort in 
mission lands it is necessary to create a public atmos- 
phere in which to work. First, there is the Christian 
community, which is to be instructed in the social prin- 
ciples of Christianity. Then, there is the general public 
to be enlightened as to the nature of certain social evils 
which should be removed. One can see how long and 
seeming 1 y hopeless a task this is in such a matter as 
caste which has the sanctions of religion and of age-long 
tradition. A great asset is furnished by the schools in 
which the principles that underlie social welfare work are 
taught through courses in civics, physiology, sociology, 
ethics, economics, and history. By this means agitators 
and exponents and leaders are raised up for social 
movements. 

2. Surveys. Let us go into a meeting of missionaries 
in Osaka. About forty men and women are in the 
room. Back of the chairman there is a large map of the 



154 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

city, and several charts have been hung on the walls. 
One of the missionaries has just risen to speak. He 
shows where it is proposed to open a government- 
recognized place of vice in the city. He points to the 
other centers of vice and gives figures to show the num- 
ber of licensed and unlicensed women whose living is 
earned by corrupting the city, and compares the statistics 
with those of other cities in Japan. A woman missionary 
tells of the number of geisha girls in Osaka and outlines 
a plan for doing evangelistic and rescue work among this 
hitherto untouched group of needy people. The chair- 
man informs her that that is not quite in line with the 
purpose of the meeting but will be dwelt with at a later 
time. A secretary of the Y.M.C.A. points on the map to 
nine middle schools in the midst of which it is proposed 
to establish the vice center, tells the number of students 
that would be in its sphere of influence, and indicates into 
what sections of the country contaminated morals would 
be carried. A medical missionary gives startling figures 
on the spread of disease. An educator who has been 
measuring the strength of the opposition and sounding 
out the probable attitude of legislators, editors, and other 
public men reports for his sub-committee. Others take 
the floor. It is an animated discussion, which issues in 
concrete plans for a campaign. These plans are intelli- 
gent and have the best possible chance of success, be- 
cause careful surveys have been made. 

In planning measures for social relief in times of some 
great calamity or for dealing with some acute social 
danger, such as the restoration of the Yoshiwara in 
Tokyo> these surveys are invaluable. Indeed the practise 
is spreading of making careful investigations of social 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 155 

conditions, even in normal times, in the cities and coun- 
try districts in which mission work is carried on. The 
development of industrial and agricultural work, the 
opening of new mission stations and the bulletin and 
public lecture work done by missionaries are based on 
such surveys. The most scientific and useful methods of 
going at the work of survey-making are given by Pro- 
fessor D. J. Fleming in his book Social Study, Service 
and Exhibits, to which reference has already been made. 

3. Relief Work, Next in order comes the technique 
of the actual giving of relief. When times of great dis- 
tress come upon a land, the missionaries are not only 
prompt to act, but they are reckoned by the government, 
the Red Cross, and other agencies as being reliable au- 
thorities and also capable leaders of relief work. It is 
recognized that better than any others they "know the 
ropes." During a famine in India, one missionary alone 
disbursed a million dollars of relief funds. The im- 
mense task of handling funds, of purchasing or dis- 
tributing food, clothing, and other supplies, of establish- 
ing hospitals, and of giving immediate direction to the 
operations of the Near East Relief during the past few 
years has largely been carried by the missionaries who 
have been active as agents of the Committee. The same 
alacrity, economy, and smooth-running efficiency have 
characterized the work of the missionary forces and the 
Chinese Church during the recent months of yet more 
awful distress in China. 

These efforts have been valuable not only in saving 
multitudes of lives and relieving misery but also in erect- 
ing standards foi relief work which may safely be fol- 
lowed in the future. 



156 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

4. Legislation. The fourth element in social technique 
is in securing enlightened legislation to remedy social 
abuses. Sometimes the result is obtained by means of 
general propaganda, sometimes by the indirect influence 
of the missionaries and Christian community, sometimes 
by way of a direct appeal. The King of Siam issued his 
edict against gambling as a direct result of representa- 
tions made by missionaries. The anti-opium edict signed 
by the Dowager Empress of China was largely in re- 
sponse to a petition of fifteen hundred missionaries who 
she knew voiced a wide sentiment. Laws raising the 
minimum marriage age and removing disabilities from 
the native Christian community in different native states 
in India and remedial laws relating to the system of 
forced labor in Africa have been procured in no small 
part through the appeals made by missionaries. Japan's 
one factory law was enacted under the general pressure, 
one might say, of Western civilization ; but the publicity 
given by missionaries to the industrial situation in Japan 
and their quiet propaganda had a good deal to do with 
bringing this pressure to bear. 

V. ELEVATING THE STANDARDS OF GOOD GOVERNMENT 

" The missionary is a disturber." What shall we say 
to this accusation which is sometimes made ? " Guilty, 
as charged," to be sure. Any missionary who is not a 
disturber should be recalled. Jesus was the world's fore- 
most disturber. Every follower of his should be busy 
each day at the task of disturbing; and the more there 
is about him that should be upset or rearranged, the 
more of a disturber he ought to be. The old charge 
that missionaries are meddlers, that they are a nuisance 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 157 

to governments, that they interfere with worthy cus- 
toms which are hoary with antiquity, that they foment 
strife and disorder is not heard any more. It had this 
advantage, that it caused some investigations to be made 
which revealed that the charge, with scant exceptions, is 
absurdly false and that, on the contrary, the missionary 
has been a great friend and helper of governments great 
and small throughout the mission world. 

The missionary, all will agree, is in a very delicate po- 
sition in his relation to the government of the country 
where he resides, — the local as well as the central gov- 
ernment. On the one hand, he wishes to counsel loyalty. 
On the other hand, he must proclaim laws of righteous- 
ness which the government itself may be infringing. It 
is a position which calls for wisdom, tact, courtesy, cour- 
age, and faithfulness to his trust. While there are some 
things in his relation to the government which it would 
be a mistake for him to do, there are certain things 
which he should do and is doing. 

1. He preaches a gospel of law and order. He takes 
Paul's ground, " Let every soul be in subjection to the 
higher powers." Law-abiding conduct is taught as a 
Christian duty to church members and leaders. In a 
recent annual report the acting Administrator in Paqua, 
New Guinea, had this to say, " It would be probably quite 
safe for a white man to travel unarmed from the Purari 
Delta to the German boundary — far safer than to walk at 
night through parts of some cities of Europe and Aus- 
tralia—and this is largely due to the efforts of the Lon- 
don Missionary Society and the Anglican Mission/' The 
missionary annals are full to overflowing with just such 
cases where the influence of the missionary and the 



158 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Christian convert has been to produce quiet and order. 

He is an apostle of peace. There is a dramatic story- 
told of Dr. W. E. Macklin, of Nanking, as a peacemaker. 
During the second revolution of 1913 the Northern 
forces were trying to retake Nanking. After a month 
of bloody fighting, Dr. Macklin was appointed to the 
dangerous task of going out to mediate. Alone and 
unarmed he rode out of the city and, coming up to the 
besieging army, arranged for a partial surrender on con- 
dition that no looting should be done. General Chang 
Hsun gave his promise and led his troops into the city. 
But looting was indulged in, apparently without restraint. 
The medical missionary went right up to the General's 
quarters and protested. General Chang denied that there 
was any looting. 

" Then take me out and shoot me," said the doctor. 

" What do you mean ? " the General asked. 

" I have given my word that your soldiers are looting. 
If I speak not the truth, you can take me out and shoot 
me." 

Again General Chang denied the charge. Then the 
doctor sprang up, looking fire. The General grasped his 
sword. Macklin, unafraid, smote the table with the back 
of his hand — a sign of authority — and cried, " I demand 
in the name of humanity that a Chinese general keep his 
word and give orders to have all looting cease." 

Soon Dr. Macklin was riding back into the city at 
the head of a company of soldiers. Order was restored, 
looting was stopped, and Nanking slept in peace that 
night. When Yuan Shi Kai heard of the event, he wrote 
a letter of appreciation to Dr. Macklin and decorated him 
with the highest honors. 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 159 

Devoted loyalty to the country, peace within and with- 
out its borders, law and order to its farthest limits, — 
this is the doctrine which the missionary has taught and 
practised. 

2. He teaches the basic principles of democracy. This 
may lead to trouble. But the missionary cannot help 
that and he knows that out of the trouble there will 
issue a new order, a purified and strengthened and pro- 
gressive nation. He knows that only democratic peoples 
can rank among the vigorous, enlightened, useful coun- 
tries of the modern world. But he is not aiming at politi- 
cal upheaval. He is simply following his Master's in- 
structions and preaching his Master's gospel. And he 
cannot teach history, economics, civics, international 
law, English literature, sociology without teaching de- 
mocracy. He cannot preach Christ's gospel without 
preaching freedom, self-expression, abundant life, indi- 
vidual rights, service; and when he has preached that, 
he has preached democracy. He does not stop to ask, 
But will this result in a change in the form of govern- 
ment or in a shrinkage of political territory? He is 
concerned to preach the eternal gospel and to rectify the 
frontiers of the kingdom of God. 

3. He proclaims the responsibilities of governments. 
The duplicity and trickiness of Oriental governments 
used to be a byword. Today when the old autocracies 
are passing out of existence and popular governments 
are taking their place, there are still governmental evils 
to be overcome. The missionary does not attack the 
government, but he does insist on its responsibility to 
give an intelligent, equitable, and beneficent rule. Graft 
and corruption of all kinds he denounces. He says with 



160 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

Theodore Roosevelt, " Civilization can only be perma- 
nent and a continued blessing to any people, if in addi- 
tion to promoting their material well-being it also stands 
for an orderly, individual liberty, for the growth of in- 
telligence, and for equal justice in the administration of 
law. Christianity alone meets these fundamental re- 
quirements." 

The classrooms in the East that teach democracy also 
teach the responsibility of the government. The recent 
student strike in China which swept across the entire 
country and finally resulted in the downfall of the min- 
istry was an indication that this lesson had taken root. 
These students believed that there was corruption in 
high places and that unprincipled officials had sold out to 
the Japanese. This did not coincide with what they had 
learned of the ideals of good government, and they were 
hot with indignation. They went to the merchants one 
by one in the cities and persuaded them to boycott Japa- 
nese goods. Soon very little was being imported from 
Japan, and the students compelled attention. The class- 
room and the Christian ideal had won. Today the East 
is as determined as the West that oppression and cor- 
ruption shall not occupy the seats of the mighty. 

The missionary not only points out the responsibilities 
of governments; he is always ready to cooperate with 
them in working out their problems. When Sir Morti- 
mer Durand was British Ambassador at Washington, he 
paid a tribute to the generous help which Adoniram 
Judson rendered the British authorities in Burma. There 
are in India today missionaries to whom the office of the 
Secretary of State for India in London is deeply indebted 
for counsel in delicate and difficult questions of govern- 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY i§i 



ment Dr. Alva W. Taylor says, "The makers of the 
new Japan made Verbeck's home their refuge for coun- 
cils. Dr. Underwood's parlor, in Korea, was the scene 
of many conferences of the foremost men of the king- 
dom in the days of transition. Both of these men, and 
many others thus became privy councilors of the reform 
party." 1 

The Honorable W. B. Reed, former Minister of the 
United States to China, said of Dr. S. Wells Williams 
and Dr. W. A. P. Martin, " without them, public busi- 
ness could not be transacted. I could not but for their 
aid have advanced one step in the discharge of my duties 
here." When the Government of India failed by police 
methods to subdue a certain robber caste in India, it 
turned over the task to the missionaries; and the mis- 
sionaries have made good. A legion of other instances 
might be cited in which they have aided governments in 
meeting their responsibilities. 

4. He also urges and practises the duty of good citi- 
zenship. No better illustration could be given of the de- 
voted personal service of a missionary to the civic in- 
terests of a community than that of Dr. William I. 
Chamberlain, while he was serving as President of Voor- 
hees College in Vellore, South India. He was invited 
to become chairman of the Municipal Council of the city. 
After some hesitation, he decided that as a matter of 
duty to the public he should accept the appointment. 
That made him, among other things, mayor and sanitary 
officer of the city. He threw himself into the duties of 
his office with great energy, while still continuing his 
missionary work. Most of his civic activities were car- 

1 The Social Work of Christian Missions, pp. 185, 186. 



162 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

ried on at night, when he rode on his bicycle through 
all parts of the native city. One of his duties was to 
supervise the police department, and he was the first to 
establish the use of bicycles for these officers of the law. 
He had water-works established in the city, to take the 
place of the occasional wells and tanks from which the 
people procured their water supply, so that from the 
hills pure water was piped to almost every building. 
Through the mayor's efforts engineers for this work 
were procured from Madras. Taxes were levied to cover 
the cost of the undertaking. 

During his five or six terms on the Council there were 
frequent epidemics of plague, which meant placing the 
city under strict quarantine supervised by Dr. Chamber- 
lain. A famine fell upon the land, and the mayor had 
now to see to the raising of funds and the establishing 
of soup-kitchens. He got the populace to work on wells, 
for purposes of irrigation, and on roads, for purposes of 
distributing food. By the time he laid down his duties 
as mayor, he had trained a good corps of native officers 
for the administration of the city's affairs. In acknowl- 
edgment of his civic efforts, the British Government con- 
ferred on him the Kaiser-i-hind medal on which is in- 
scribed, " For public service to India." It was the first 
time that this recognition had been given to an Ameri- 
can missionary. 

But after all, the best that can be done in helping 
nations to become free, self-governing peoples, with 
democratic institutions and enlightened statutes, is of 
small avail unless character is produced to maintain the 
institutions and enforce the statutes. Christ is the desire 



SERVANTS OF SOCIETY 163 

of nations not only because his ideals are the sole foun- 
dation on which true progress is possible, but also be- 
cause he alone is capable of producing the men of char- 
acter who can safely lead in this progress. Probably 
that was in former President Taft's mind w r hen he said, 
"there can be no true political development without the 
Christian religion. " 

The w T hole effect of missionary w r ork has tended to 
the uplifting of society. What Prince Ito said of Japan 
is true of all the awakening nations of the East, " Ja- 
pan's progress and development are largely due to the 
influence of missionaries. " The non-Christian faiths 
have had their chance to redeem society and elevate 
nations, and they have failed. On the other hand, the 
perfect adequacy of Jesus Christ to meet, not only in- 
dividual requirements, but the whole range of social and 
national need has been proved everywhere. What is 
there in the whole range of the service of mankind that 
can fire the imagination and compel the devotion of any 
follower of Christ like the opportunity of working with 
him at this task for the less-favored peoples of the world ? 



VII 
WELDING THE WORLD 

"^T OT very long ago two men were standing one morn- 
ing on the western shore of the Atlantic looking 
across at Europe, and that evening they were standing on 
the eastern shore of the Atlantic looking back at North 
America. Next day, or perhaps it was that same night, 
Signor Marconi, over in Italy, heard of the exploit and 
said, " There is no Atlantic Ocean." It was a fulfilment, 
in one sense, of the prophetic word spoken on Patmos 
long ago, " There shall be no more sea." When the 
world was being rocked and convulsed by the Great War, 
it seemed as though humanity must surely be shaken 
apart. In reality, humanity was shaken together. The 
fact is, whether we are good neighbors or bad neigh- 
bors, we now are actually the neighbors of the rest of 
the world. So that it makes far more difference today 
whether or not our relations with other people are Chris- 
tian than in earlier days when nations could live separate 
and self-contained lives. 

We are to discuss in this chapter the Christian pro- 
gram of world friendship from a somewhat different 
angle. We are to consider that part of the program 
which concerns not so much the lines of action that are 
pursued in definite Christian operations within the mis- 
sion countries as it does the general influence exerted 
upon them by the so-called Christian nations, namely 
the Christianizing of all international contacts and rela- 
tions. At least four things must be done if we are to 
send out Christian lines of influence from these nations 

164 



WELDING THE WORLD 165 

of ours to the less-favored peoples of the world. 

I. SETTING OUR HOUSE IN ORDER 

We must set a Christian example in our national life. 
In the mission lands of the world they know what we are 
doing ; they can hear every word we say as nations. Cor- 
respondence, newspapers, cables, reports from visitors to 
our shores, moving pictures, all keep them informed. The 
game we play here in our national life is reported there 
by innings. They are keen observers and listeners, and 
we may well set our house in order if we care at all to 
make a Christian impression on their life. 

Unquestionably there is abroad in the United States 
and in Canada a disregard for religion which shows itself 
not only in a large number of people utterly unchurched 
and of churches nearly unpeopled, but in a shocking- dis- 
regard for the Christian Sabbath, in neglect of the Bible, 
in loose ideals of marriage and the home, in flippancy 
regarding the most sacred things, in irreverent and pro- 
fane speech, in a tendency to separate religion and con- 
duct, — not to speak of flagrant and violent transgressions 
of the law. 

An observer of our national life would not be rash if 
he should conclude that we are in a mad pursuit of per- 
sonal enjoyment. We are putting plainly on view a 
perfect riot of self-seeking materialism with its accom- 
paniments of waste and extravagance. 

The picture of our national life presents some of its 
most unfavorable aspects in the sphere of politics and 
government. We have yet a long way to go before we 
shall be rid of the self-seeking politician, the party-boss, 
the ward heeler, the blustering demagog, the incompe- 



166 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

tent office-holder, the grafting office-seeker, and the blind 
partisan voter. 

It is only fair, moreover, to concede that there is still 
a powerful strain of militaristic belligerency in our 
make-up as Americans and Canadians. In spite of the 
agonies we have just been through, in spite of the miles 
of graves, the newlymade cripples, and the wounds not 
yet healed with which war has so recently afflicted us, in 
spite of the voices raised in favor of immediate or grad- 
ual disarmament, we continue to support yellow news- 
papers and listen to jingo orators; we thrill to spurs and 
gold braid, and we go on with a program of arming to 
the teeth. So long as we think naturally of other nations, 
not mainly as meriting our friendship, sympathy, and 
service, but rather as furnishing competitors for what we 
want to hold or to gain, there is nothing for us to do but 
to be distrustful and suspicious of them and to seek to 
outdo them in every way; there is nothing for us to do 
but organize our energies for defense or aggression; 
we must arm ourselves thoroughly, though the end of 
these things is war and death. 

If an observer from another land should consider the 
state of the Church in Canada and the United States, he 
would find even there some elements damaging to a 
favorable impression of these lands as truly Christian. 
He would see division at the outset; on closer observa- 
tion, he would see many traces of provincialism, for- 
malism, narrow bigotry, false doctrine, apathy, and a 
pious aloofness from the practical issues of life, — an atti- 
tude which someone has described as using many sky- 
lights but few windows. 

But is there not another side to this question? As- 



WELDING THE WORLD 167 

suredly. There Is more religion in Protestant America 
today, both in profession and practise, than ever before. 
There is a large and growing spirit of altruism that was 
revealed during the war and that is still manifesting 
itself in open-handed charity and a sense of social re- 
sponsibility. There is an ever-growing horror of war, 
not only because of its futility, but because it is so un- 

Chrfstlike and so unhuman. And as for the Church, it 
was never so deeply concerned in the practical affairs 
of humanity, never so potent a factor in the life of the 
nation as it is todav. 

Let us eo further and say this: it is unquestionably 
true that the positively Christian aspects of life in the 
Christian countries of the world have been keenly ob- 
served and eaeerly reported by visitors from non- 
Christian nations. Not a few have become Christians 
during their stav in Great Britain or Canada or the 
United States. There is. indeed, a strong influence in 
the Christian standards and activities of the Western 
nations which has been a positive force of the greatest 
value to foreign missionary work. 

But unfortunately, evil report is more fleet than grood 
report. Moreover, people easily generalize from facts 
that are but exceptions to a rule. It is also true that 
manv citizens of Latin America or the Orient have been 
exposed to the less favorable aspects of our national life 
and have scattered their opinions abroad amonsr their 
conntrvmen. For these reasons we are probably being 
judeed more harshlv bv those nations than we deserve. 

A11 of which is no excuse for us. We have no right 
to tolerate these debilitating and vicious elements in the 
life of our nations. They should be overcome because 



168 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

they are ruinous and because they are evil in the sight 
of God. And surely it should be an additional incentive 
to us to rid our corporate and individual lives of all that 
is unwholesome and unworthy in order that we may be 
of the largest possible help to those nations who do 
not know Christ, but who may be helped to understand 
his spirit and his mighty power through the example 
of nations that profess his name and walk in his ways. 

II. RECEIVING GUESTS FROM OTHER LANDS 

The tides of immigration that ebbed during the War 
are again at the flood. And among the incoming peoples 
are many from mission lands. Some are from India, 
Siam, Egypt, and the Near East, but the greater number 
are from China, Japan, and Mexico. The manner in 
which we receive these guests to our shores enters as a 
factor into our Christian program in behalf of their 
nations, either furthering or hindering it. 

In the main, the treatment that is accorded the Ori- 
entals and Latin Americans who have established them- 
selves in the life of our nations has given them small 
ground for complaint; but in a large number of cases 
they have been unjustly treated. Many Japanese have 
suffered indignities and violence, and the aggregate has 
made an unfavorable impression in Japan. Hindus have 
complained of ill-treatment received in British Colum- 
bia, and one hears many echoes of it in India today. But 
the Chinese have perhaps suffered the most. A leading 
citizen of Japan remarked to former President Taft, 
that if the treatment accorded to Chinese in America 
had been experienced by Japanese, his countrymen could 
not be restrained from war. Mr. Taft has cited the cases 



WELDING THE WORLD 169 

of fifty Chinese who were murdered by American mobs, 
and of one hundred and twenty others who have suf- 
fered ill-treatment and loss of property. 

The situation is causing a great deal of resentment 
throughout the Orient. The strongest expression of it 
is coming from Japan, part of it being the result of ir- 
responsible press agitation and part the calm judgment 
of thoughtful men. 

It ought to be possible to come to agreements with 
the peoples of the Orient in regard to these different 
problems, on the one hand safeguarding labor and agri- 
cultural interests on this side of the water, and on the 
other, treating our Eastern neighbors with full justice 
and honor. Mr. Thomas W. Lamont, in a recent address 
at the Harvard Union, said that intelligence and tol- 
erance rather than prejudice should influence the Amer- 
ican people in their relations with Japan. "Even the 
perplexing immigration question," he said, "is capable 
of amicable settlement if only we Americans show a 
little tact and respect for Japanese susceptibilities." Dr. 
Sidney L. Gulick, the greatest interpreter of Japan and 
the United States to each other, says, "California and 
the Pacific States are right in contending that free im- 
migration from Asia would be disastrous; but so also 
is Japan right in contending that invidious and humili- 
ating race legislation is not friendly or Christian." He 
has evolved a working program in regard to immigra- 
tion which is thoroughly Christian and which is grad- 
ually attracting wide attention. 

Too great attention cannot be given to the many stu- 
dents from mission lands who are studying in North 
American colleges and universities. In 1920 the stu- 



i 7 o WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 



dents from foreign lands registered in American insti- 
tutions numbered about ten thousand, of whom some 
fifteen hundred were from China, one thousand from 
Japan, three hundred from India, and three thousand 
five hundred from Latin America. The Young Men's 
and Young Women's Christian Associations in the col- 
leges are doing excellent work in organizing these stu- 
dents in clubs, making them feel at home in campus 
life, inviting them to their homes, showing them a mul- 
titude of friendly courtesies, presenting to them the 
claims of Jesus Christ, and incidentally winning for them- 
selves some of the finest friendships of their lives. At 
Lehigh University, for example, as a result of this ef- 
fort, for several years one or more Chinese students 
have become Christians each year and have united with 
the Church. One of them who recently entered the 
University as a non-Christian was converted and bap- 
tized, in his senior year was appointed chairman of the 
missionary committee, and is now continuing his Chris- 
tian work in China. 

Another important group who come within our gates 
as guests are Oriental travelers and members of the 
many commissions which are being appointed by Eastern 
and Latin American governments to visit Western lands. 
These men, like the foreign students in our institutions 
of learning, not only should be treated with respect and 
courtesy, but should be exposed to the most wholesome 
and truly representative elements in our corporate life. 

Canadian and American churches are doing a good 
deal to show Christian hospitality and friendship to the 
rank and file of Asiatic immigrants. Missions to the Chi- 
nese and Japanese are at work in British Columbia and 



WELDING THE WORLD 171 

in the Pacific Coast states. Information bureaus, day 
nurseries, clinics, classes in English, night-schools, libra- 
ries, and similar means, as well as Christian services, are 
utilized to assist the incoming strangers. 

Much more aggressive Christian effort, however, 
should be made in behalf of all Orientals coming to our 
shores ; and the same is true of the many Mexicans who 
cross over into the southwestern states. A single indi- 
vidual won to Christ amid the surroundings of a land 
known as Christian and then testifying to those of his 
own race makes a profound impression in favor of Chris- 
tianity. But imagine the effect when one goes back and 
in reply to the question, " Did you become a Christian ? " 
says, " Indeed not. No one seemed to care whether I 
did or didn't. And if you could see what I have seen of 
unrighteousness and oppression and frivolity and racial 
condescension over there in a country that is regarded as 
Christian, you would take what the missionary says with 
a grain of salt." It is said that amon? the Oriental stu- 
dents coming to study in North America there are more 
who lose the Christian faith they had held than there 
are who are led into the Christian life while here. This 
is a terrible indictment of our carelessness. One non- 
Christian brought to Christ while here will on his return 
to his native land be worth twice as much to the king- 
dom of God as one who is led to accept Christianity 
by the missionary and who has never been abroad. 

III. DEALING AS CHRISTIANS WITH OTHER NATIONS 

It is plain that the non-Christian peoples have now 
come so close to us in the West that their interests have 
come into our life and our interests have gone into their 



172 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

lives. It must also be remembered that they are ex- 
tremely sensitive and in the delicate situations of to- 
day they have become extremely suspicious. There is 
always danger that, lacking some of the refinements of 
courtesy which Oriental peoples possess, we may be 
misunderstood in perfectly innocent intentions. On the 
other hand, they are very appreciative of the friendship 
we offer and the relief we give them in their need. 

The Near East will not forget the generosity of Prot- 
estant America in these years of her helpfulness and 
misery. The hospital for tuberculous children which 
Canadian funds are maintaining at Yedi Koule is a token 
of Christian friendship which will be held in affectionate 
remembrance whenever Canada comes to mind in the 
Near East. The work of the Near East Relief has 
brought forth this statement from Major-General Har- 
bord : " Practical American philanthropy has kept alive 
a large portion of the Armenians, Syrians, and Greeks 
and other destitute peoples of the Near East who cer- 
tainly would have died of starvation and disease but 
for contributions from America." 

China too will treasure in her heart the memory of 
the goodness shown her by the United States and Canada 
and other Christian nations during the devastating days 
of famine through which she has been passing. A fine 
tribute was paid to the heart of the American people 
by General F. J. Kernan, commanding the Department 
of the Philippines. He offered, without authority from 
his government, to the Chinese Consul-General in Manila 
the free use of American army transports to carry fam- 
ine supplies from the Philippines to China. It was rather 
a high-handed proceeding in view of the strictness of 



WELDING THE WORLD 173 

army regulations. But General Kernan said, " Although 
I have not consulted Washington, yet I feel so sure that 
the sympathy of our government is toward the suffering 
Chinese that I will make this offer." 

But the needy nations of the world want more than 
mere relief. They want just and honorable treatment 
in all our relations with them. " The only thing," said 
President Wilson in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, 
" that binds men together is friendship. Therefore our 
task at Paris is to organize the friendship of the world, 
to see to it that all the million forces that make for right 
and justice and liberty are united and are given a vital 
organization to which the peoples of the world will 
readily and gladly respond." 

Now just there is where the great problem comes in. 
It is a hard matter to organize the friendship of nations 
unless there is a friendship to organize. Let us con- 
sider some of the ways in which our dealings with them 
mav fail of brotherliness and good-will and even of hon- 
orable treatment. 

1. Foreign policies. At the close of the War the world 
looked forward confidently to the opening of a new day 
in diplomacy. Mr. Arnold Bennett phrased the ideal 
current among men of good-will in all nations when he 
said in an article for the New York Times: 

We want democracy, but democracy can only prosper 
in an atmosphere of mutual trust, an atmosphere from 
which suspicion and determination to get the better of 
everybody else at anv cost are absent. It involves good- 
will. It involves what Stevenson called " fundamental 
decency." It means that international relations shall be 
put upon the same basis and be governed bv the same 
moral code as family relations and neighborly relations. 



174 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

More significant, perhaps, than the long article itself 
were the caption lines : " Democracy's Triumph Futile, 
says Bennett, Unless Based on Golden Rule. The Ser- 
mon on the Mount Must Govern Relations with Others. ,, 
Now in the article itself there was no explicit mention 
either of the Golden Rule or the Sermon on the Mount. 
But the editor discerned that the diplomacy described 
held the spirit of Christ. Mr. Bennett said that it was 
a " new spirit " in international affairs and was " the sole 
reality " for which the Allies were fighting. Some of the 
developments in international affairs in the period fol- 
lowing the armistice have brought disappointment and 
disillusion. In many cases the old diplomacy has seemed 
to triumph. And yet real gains have been achieved. New 
opportunities are open as never before to give vital ex- 
pression to the Christian ideal in the realm of interna- 
tional action. To Great Britain and her colonies and to 
the United States especially there may never come again 
such an opportunity to display the spirit of Christ, to 
illustrate their ideals and adorn their doctrine, to prac- 
tise the Golden Rule, and to play the Good Samaritan 
as is being furnished today. Let us fervently hope that 
never again will they approach the non-Christian peo- 
ples of the world merely for gain and not for service, 
and that all their gestures hereafter will be made, not 
with the mailed fist of threatening, but with the open 
hand of Christian friendship. 

2. The press. This is an agency whose influence on 
the non-Christian nations is an ever-growing power. The 
daily and periodical press is a potent influence for main- 
taining international equilibrium and good relations. We 
have no more ready vehicle of friendliness toward other 



WELDING THE WORLD 175 

nations. But in two respects this factor of our influence 
as Christian nations should be safeguarded. 

One is that our newspapers and magazines should 
faithfully mirror the finest spirit and ideals of the na- 
tion. It is, indeed, the function of the press to be in 
advance of the public in lofty idealism. It creates as well 
as supplies a demand for news. Yet how often this 
leadership is prostituted to the baser ends of profit. 
Many American and Canadian newspapers are as able 
and high-principled as any in the world. But at the other 
extreme are the papers that pander to cheap and debased 
minds which they further cheapen and debase. Their 
columns are garbage heaps of trash and filth. What pur- 
ports to be news is often an exaggeration or distortion 
of the facts. As an educated citizen of Bangkok or 
Bombay reads such a paper in his home city or as an 
Oriental student reads it in San Francisco or Boston, 
what impression does it give him of American civiliza- 
tion and ideals, and indirectly what impression of the 
religion of the land that produced the paper? 

The other respect in which the influence of our news- 
paper and periodical literature should be jealously 
guarded is in its utterances regarding the people and 
affairs of other lands. Garbled news and sensational 
items are bad enough, but often there is apparently a 
deliberate effort on the part of some papers to stir up 
friction between their home country and other nations. 
As an illustration of this we quote from an outrageous 
editorial published January 5, 1918, by the New York 
'American and presumably by ether Hearst papers : 

The war in Europe, hideous as it is, is merely a fam- 
ily quarrel compared to the terrible struggle that will 



176 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 



some day be fought to a finish between the white and the 
yellow races for the domination of the world. 

Many similar examples might be given of statements 
in prominent journals which are calculated to inflame the 
public mind against Japan, Mexico, and other nations, 
statements that are miserably cheap, that are false to the 
facts, and that can be only vicious in their effect. 

3. Commerce. Trade and foreign missions should be 
regarded as companion benefits to the backward peoples 
of the world. The missionary is glad to help the trader. 
Usually he is first on the ground. He develops a mar- 
ket partly by creating a demand for the elementary things 
of civilization, — clothes, tools, books, better homes, and 
better food, and partly by the examples of Western 
manufacture which he takes with him, — watches, sewing- 
machines, lamps, etc., and which the natives desire for 
themselves as soon as they can afford them. African 
rubber, the dye known as khaki, which is used in the 
manufacture of military uniforms, and other materials 
of commerce were discovered by missionaries. The 
trade with the Fiji Islands amounts to more in one year 
than was spent in fifty years in giving them the gospel. 
And if the trader needs the missionary, so does the mis- 
sionary need the trader. He needs him for the materials 
necessary in educational, industrial, agricultural, and 
other missionary work. He needs him for the commodi- 
ties which he can supply to the Christian communities 
as their standards of living rise. He needs his personal 
help if the trader is disposed to give it. 

Commerce should be an unmixed boon to the non- 
Christian world. But it is not, because in some of its 
aspects it is unchristian. 



WELDING THE WORLD 177 



The opium curse is almost past in China, thanks not 
so much to Great Britain who introduced and maintained 
the traffic, as to China herself who went on her knees 
to that Christian government and finally got relief in 
the early part of 1917. But the United States, together 
with Britain, lost no time in pressing on China the ciga- 
rette as a substitute for opium. The British- American 
Tobacco Company has distributed free millions of ciga- 
rettes to educate the public taste. Its slogan was and is, 
"A cigarette in the mouth of every man, woman, and 
child in China." And Great Britain no sooner washed 
her hands of the opium traffic which she had carried on 
with China by way of India than she began to soil them 
again by the trade in morphine which she has been sup- 
plying to China through Japan. Some of the narcotics 
going into China have been traced to Philadelphia. 

An immense trade in intoxicants has been driven with 
the non-Christian peoples. In this matter the United 
States has been especially guilty. When Mary Slessor 
went to her pioneer work in the slums of Africa she 
found there only three marks of Western civilization — 
guns and chains and rum. In one recent year Christian 
nations sent three million gallons of rum to Southern 
Nigeria, making up in that single item one quarter of 
the imports of the Colony. It should be added that in 
many parts of Africa the importation of liquor is pro- 
hibited. In Bechuanaland the native chief, a Christian, 
has forbidden the importation of liquor and has been up- 
held bv the British government. 

When British shipments of spirits to Africa were shut 
off because of the War, American distillers very gener- 
ously took up this part of the white man's burden. Their 



178 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

exports of this commodity to Africa ran up fourfold in 
the fiscal year 1915-1916. One morning in April, 1916, 
the following item appeared in the Boston Herald: 

For transporting rum from Boston to the west coast 
of Africa, $40,000 will be received by the owners of the 
four-masted schooner, " Fred W. Thurlow," which has 
just completed loading at the Charles River stores. The 
" Thurlow " will carry more than 200,000 gallons for the 
natives. She is the twelfth ship from the port with a rum 
cargo in a year. The increase in the demand for Boston 
rum is said to be due to the stoppage of shipment from 
England. Another ship will leave here with another 
cargo as soon as a sailing vessel can be procured. 

The same trade is being rapidly developed in 
China and elsewhere in the East. It is carried on ex- 
tensively in the Pacific Islands, although it is prohibited 
in Samoa, Guam, and, of course, Hawaii. The Japan 
Times, in its issue of July 23, 1916, fears that as pro- 
hibition gains in the West there will be no restriction 
in the exports of wines and spirits to Japan and the other 
parts of Asia. China lies under the same fear. On 
December 24, 1918, the Toronto Globe published the 
following cable dispatch from Peking: 

The reported decision of American brewers to exploit 
China is arousing indignation, which the press voices to 
this effect : " We have no desire to drive out the opium 
fiend only to usher in the drunken sot. Apparently the 
brewers think they must educate the Chinese to the de- 
lights of Western bacchanalianism. Why do not the 
Westerners come to teach us better manners than in- 
dulging in opium, cigarettes, and intoxicants ? " The 
hope is expressed that the Washington Government im- 
mediately will ban such pernicious activities in China. 



WELDING THE WORLD 179 

Moving picture films have now come to assume an im- 
portant place in international commerce. The cinema is 
already an institution in the Orient and Africa, where 
every passing year develops new " movie fans " by hun- 
dreds of thousands. The possibilities that are presented, 
both of harm and benefit, it would be hard to overstate. 
The harm or the benefit works both ways. On the one 
hand, it is most important that the pictures shown in the 
Orient, Africa, and Latin America should be of a sort 
that will be faithful to the best traditions of home and 
public life in the lands of Protestant Christianity and 
that will educate and uplift those who view them. Every- 
thing untrue and debasing should be rigidly excluded. 
On the other hand, the pictures which are shown in the 
United States and Canada purporting to reflect scenes 
and conditions in the mission lands of the world should 
be honest in the impression given of the life of the peo- 
ple and the work of the missionaries in those countries. 
Even the humblest and most backward of people should 
not be held up to ridicule. This applies to travelogues 
as well as plays and to the titles as well as the pictures. 
Representatives of missions and of the moving picture 
trade might well think out this problem together. A 
Christianized commerce in moving pictures would be a 
wonderful asset to the missionary. 

Think, too, of the methods employed by the commerce 
of Western civilization with non-Christian peoples. 
There are some shameful pages in the record. Trickery 
and shady business practises have been employed at 
times. Confidence has been abused. The ignorance and 
helplessness of backward peoples have been capitalized 
by the white man. The operations of large companies 



180 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC 

and syndicates tend to be dehumanized even in domestic 
commerce; but in commercial dealings with remote and 
unresisting masses of people they easily run to an ac- 
cepted policy of merciless exploitation. 

4. Industry. The industrial life of the West, as we 
have seen, is now rushing in like a tide upon the East and 
parts of Africa. 

It is encouraging to note that there are Western 
companies that carry on their industrial operations in 
mission lands in a wholesome and Christian way. If only 
their example were everywhere followed! Unfortu- 
nately, however, self-interest and exploitation have 
played a large part in the industrial enterprises that 
have been conducted among backward peoples by the 
vigorous and experienced and wealthy nations of the 
West. Weakness has been victimized by cupidity. Capi- 
talistic greed has laid waste youth, health, morals, life in 
Asia and Africa. Why not ? It has meant big money. 

Rev. W. E. S. Holland, of India, speaking at Shef- 
field, England, some months ago said : x 

The Province of Shansi can give the world coal enough 
to supply the needs of the world for some thousands of 
years at one shilling and sixpence a ton. How is that 
produced? The porters who carry it have to carry a 
four hundred-pound load for less than one penny a mile, 
and so the ordinary thing is that they work one week and 
lie up the next. Other workers work up to their middles 
in water and suffer so from swollen legs that the average 
time sheet shows that they work two days a week out of 
four. . . . There are almost one million factory girls 
in Japan. The factory reports tell us that investigation 
revealed that of the girls who come up from country 
homes to city factories more than sixty per cent are 

1 Quoted by C H. Fahs in America's Stake in the Far East, 
P. 45- 



WELDING THE WORLD 181 

never heard of again at home. We buy the stuff cheap, 
dyed with the blood of our sisters. Is it our job to put 
that right? 

What are the prospects for tomorrow? Well, tomor- 
row industry will turn more wheels and bigger wheels 
and faster wheels in every part of the non-Christian 
world. When the whistle blows and tells the workmen 
over here to knock off for the day, around on the other 
side of the globe an equal number of men and women will 
move out of their homes to begin their day of labor at 
the machines and in the mines and on the railroads. 
Industry will have a full program, day shift here, night 
shift there. Not only will industrial concerns of the 
West erect plants in remote places in the Orient and 
Africa, but undreamed of industries will develop under 
native auspices. In that tomorrow of intensified in- 
dustry among non-Christian peoples, the opportunities 
for weal or woe will be correspondingly greater even 
than they are today. God grant it may be for weal. The 
Christian lands of the West can have a large influence, 
both by organization and by example, upon the nature 
of these new industrial conditions. 

5. Personal example. Another line of influence which 
is powerfully felt in the contact of Western civilization 
with the peoples of Africa and Asia is to be found in 
those who go out on a great variety of errands to non- 
Christian lands. It is powerfully felt because it has to 
do with the strongest force in the world, the impact of 
personality. " If you want to convince a man," some- 
one has said, "let loose a life at him." Volumes could 
be written of the refreshing and inspiring influence of a 
multitude of non-missionary men and women who have 



182 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

shown to non-Christians, sometimes in an hour as they 
have passed that way, sometimes in a lifetime of resi- 
dence among them, the beauty and the power of a Chris- 
tian life. Ask any missionary and he will tell you that 
this is gloriously true. He will grow eloquent as he 
describes man after man who has been a true follower 
of Christ and has cast his living example into the balance 
in his favor. He will probably go on to tell you what 
is painfully true, that unspeakable harm has come to 
those nations and a serious setback to Christian influence 
through the unworthy lives of many who have traveled 
or lived among peoples who do not understand Christ, 
but who can read lives. From every non-Christian land 
come tales of traders, merchants, soldiers and sailors, 
sportsmen, engineers, dentists, globe-trotters, men in the 
political and consular services, and others whose lives 
have been a disgrace to their nations, a discredit to Chris- 
tianity, and a hindrance to its development. Unfortu- 
nately most of the non-Christians who observe them con- 
sider that they represent a type of character which is 
standard in their nations, and that their lives are part of 
the product of Christianity. 

Our governments should put high character first 
among the necessary qualifications for any appointment 
to a post in a non-Christian country. Business firms 
should do the same. Some concerns already refuse to 
appoint any but Christian men to represent them abroad. 
Men and women who go out on their own initiative, on 
whatever errand, should not lower their standards when 
they come into non-Christian lands. Rather they should 
scale them up, for now they have a more distinctive and 
more keenly observed position as representatives of the 



WELDING THE WORLD 183 

religion of Christ than when they were at home. They 
can either exalt him or drag his name in the dust. 
Since in these years following the War the number of 
men and women in whose persons the life of the Chris- 
tian nations will reach across into the non-Christian na- 
tions is being greatly increased, this line of influence 
should now be more carefully safeguarded than ever. 

IV. MAKING OUR RELIGION INTERNATIONAL 

Last of all, if we are to carry through a campaign of 
world friendship, we must internationalize our religion. 
It is universal now in its message and its power. We 
must make it universal in the territory it commands by 
projecting it into all the world. The most helpful con- 
tacts of our material civilization with other peoples will 
bring blessings to them, but merely as by-products. What 
is needed most of all is the deliberate, consecrated effort 
to bring Christ into the knowledge and experience of all 
men everywhere. That is the aim of the missionary 
enterprise. Its primary concern is to carry Christianity, 
not civilization, to the world. Civilization does not 
Christianize; Christianitv produces civilization, because 
Christianity is life. So " the actual forthcoming " of the 
missionary program, as Dr. Frank Crane says, " is the 
development of world citizenship. It is world-welding. 
It is that international commerce of ideals, which is of 
far more importance than internationalizing the sale of 
steel rails or kerosene. " If we let all the other elements 
in our life become international in their sweep and do 
not make our religion international also, there is danger 
ahead for each of those nations and for the world. There 
is danger for ourselves. 



184 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

And there is another question which we must ask our- 
selves, more fundamental even than this matter of safety. 
Is it fair, is it decent, while in our contacts with non- 
Christian peoples we share our very worst, that we 
should not also share our very best? 

Sometimes it is said that we should first make the 
United States Christian and make Canada Christian, be- 
fore we concern ourselves about the Christianizing of 
other nations. As if we had not money and organization 
and personnel enough to tackle both undertakings at 
once! As if the resources of God were so limited that 
he could only release enough for the Christianizing of 
one nation at a time ! As if the sharing of Jesus Christ, 
our best possession, with the peoples who so desperately 
need him were not one of the prime essentials in the proc- 
ess of our becoming more truly Christian ! 

But we can pass that whole argument by and simply 
remind ourselves that on practical grounds the task of 
conveying Christ to the world cannot wait. The march 
of events is too rapid. The peace of the world is too 
precious. Other nations live too near us, and we cannot 
afford to have in their backyards any foulness that 
would be dangerous in our own. No, unchristian as 
the argument is, we need only to think of the tu^n things 
have taken in the world to know that we must be very 
prompt and generous and thorough in carrying the 
transforming energies of Christ into the life of every 
people on the earth. 

What the world is needing most of all at this moment 
is a great campaign of organized Christian friendliness. 
The non-Christian nations are bewildered, shaken, grop- 
ing their way into a new order whose responsibilities 



WELDING THE WORLD 185 

they are not equipped to bear, looking for solid founda- 
tions on which to reconstruct their life. They have been 
with the rest of the world through the shock of the War 
and cannot rid their minds of the thought that humanity 
was thrown into that hell of savagery and destruction, 
of agony and death by nations which called themselves 
Christian and which dragged in after them the nations 
that were called non-Christian. They deserve a new 
demonstration of the power of moral force in human 
affairs, a new exhibition of Christian friendliness and 
service on a world scale. 

GOD GIVETH THE INCREASE 

As our vision has swept across the far-flung panorama 
of missionary service, we have seen in every part of the 
picture a task so enormous and so difficult as to break 
the heart of any man, be he however valiant and re- 
sourceful, who would grapple with it in the sole strength 
and wisdom of his human equipment. The only issue 
could be defeat. He knows it. He knew it before he 
left home. But he knows that the problem of sufficient 
wisdom and strength is not his problem at all. He has 
simply agreed to furnish a voice in which the real wis- 
dom of :he enterprise might be uttered and a life through 
which the real strength of the enterprise might be re- 
leased. And so he knows that the outcome is sure. He 
came out under a perfectly clear contract. He has read 
it over a thousand times and it is ringing in his ears 
every day. " Go." the contract reads, " and I will be 
with you." He pins his faith to the agreement; and that 
faith is the victory that overcomes the world. 

He does not close his eyes to the difficulties and ignore 



i86 WORLD FRIENDSHIP, INC. 

them comfortably. He faces them squarely and measures 
them accurately; but he does not take counsel of them. 
He looks up to God and realizes the limitless resources 
that are immediately available. And then he faces again 
his impossible task. And, in the words of an old saint, he 
says, " Well, if it is only impossible, let us go f orward." 
So he carries on, and the man beside him carries on, and 
the next man, and the man beyond, clear down the line. 
Their overcoming faith is shared by the Christians of the 
mission field. " Our sufficiency is of God," is their 
watchword as they press on. And that is why there is 
not a shadow of chance for the principalities and powers 
and the rulers of the darkness of this world that oppose 
them. That is why the ongoing of the Kingdom in the 
mission lands of the world is irresistible. 

The Canadian poet, who laid down his life in Flanders 
Fields, was voicing a great principle in the growth of the 
kingdom of God when he wrote: 



*s^ 



Take up our quarrel with the foe: 
To you from failing hands we throw 
The torch; be yours to hold it high. 
If ye break the faith with us who die, 
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow 
In Flanders Fields. 

David Livingstone said to his countrymen : " Do you 
carry out the work which I have begun. I leave it with 
you." Jesus said to the whole rank and file of his fol- 
lowers : " Ye are the light of the world. Ye shall be my 
witnesses." He has left it with us. 

Lead on, O King Eternal ! 
The day of march has come. 



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